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A working model for the regulation and physiological roles of MdtEF during anaerobic growth of E. coli. During anaerobic respiration of nitrate in E. coli, RNS were generated and reacted with high levels of indole to form toxic indole nitrosative derivatives. Multidrug efflux pump mdtEF is up-regulated by ArcA during this process to export these compounds out of cells, thus protect cells against nitrosative damage during the anaerobic respiration of nitrate.
