Table 2.
Exposure to possible risk factors and the presence of albuminuria
| Variable | Number (%) of subjects with | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| no albuminuria n | albuminuria n | ||||||
| Farmers | Yes | 814 | 630 (77.4) | 63 | 52 (82.5) | 1.381 | 0.344 |
| No | 184 (22.6) | 11 (17.5) | (0.706-2.701) | ||||
| Involved in pesticide spraying | Yes | 812 | 330 (40.6) | 61 | 25 (41.0) | 1.014 | 0.958 |
| No | 482 (59.4) | 36 (59.0) | (0.598-1.722) | ||||
| History of pesticide poisoning | Yes | 813 | 38 (4.7) | 63 | 2 (3.2) | 0.669 | 0.439b |
| No | 775 (95.3) | 61 (96.8) | (0.158-2.838) | ||||
| History of smoking | Yes | 813 | 176 (21.6) | 63 | 29 (46.0) | 3.087 | < 0.001 |
| No | 637 (78.4) | 34 (54.0) | (1.830-5.207) | ||||
| History of alcohol use | Yes | 814 | 220 (27.0) | 63 | 28 (44.4) | 3.087 | 0.003 |
| No | 594 (73.0) | 35 (55.6) | (1.830-5.207) | ||||
| Treated for Hypertension | Yes | 813 | 114 (14.0) | 63 | 27 (42.9) | 2.160 | < 0.001 |
| No | 699 (86.0) | 36 (57.1) | (1.284-3.635) | ||||
| Treated for Diabetes Mellitus | Yes | 812 | 41 (5.0) | 63 | 13 (20.6) | 4.889 | < 0.001 |
| No | 771 (95.0) | 50 (79.4) | (2.461-9.712) | ||||
| Acute Glomerular Nephritis | Yes | 814 | 2(0.2) | 62 | 0 (0.0) | 0.929 | 0.863b |
| No | 812 (99.8) | 62 (100.0) | (0.912-0.946) | ||||
| Renal stones | Yes | 814 | 32 (3.9) | 63 | 1 (1.6) | 0.394 | 0.298b |
| No | 782 (96.1) | 62 (98.4) | (0.053-2.933) | ||||
| Urinary Tract Infection | Yes | 814 | 199 (24.4) | 63 | 8 (12.7) | 0.450 | 0.034 |
| No | 615 (75.6) | 55 (87.3) | (0.211-0.960) | ||||
| Chronic drug use | Yes | 813 | 43 (5.3) | 62 | 5 (8.1) | 1.571 | 0.248b |
| No | 770 (94.7) | 57 (91.9) | (0.599-4.120) | ||||
| Use of Ayurvedic Treatment | Yes | 814 | 551 (67.7) | 27 | 45 (71.4) | 1.193 | 0.540 |
| No | 263 (32.3) | 18 (28.6) | (0.678-2.102) | ||||
| Snake bite in the past | Yes | 813 | 95 (11.7) | 63 | 10 (15.9) | 1.426 | 0.324 |
| No | 718 (88.3) | 53 (84.1) | (0.702-2.897) | ||||
| Drinking water source | |||||||
| a) at home | |||||||
| Well | Yes | 799 | 732 (91.6) | 63 | 61 (96.8) | 2.792 | 0.102b |
| No | 67 (8.4) | 2 (3.2) | (0.668-1.671) | ||||
| Stream | Yes | 799 | 27 (3.4) | 63 | 0 (0.0) | 0.925 | 0.125b |
| No | 772 (96.6) | 63 (100.0) | (0.907-0.943) | ||||
| Pipe borne | Yes | 799 | 40 (5.0) | 63 | 2 (3.2) | 0.622 | 0.393b |
| No | 759 (95.0) | 61 (6.8) | (0.147-2.636) | ||||
| Tube well | Yes | 799 | 35 (4.4) | 63 | 2 (3.2) | 0.716 | 0.483b |
| No | 764 (95.6) | 61 (96.8) | (0.168-3.047) | ||||
| Other | Yes | 799 | 1 (0.1) | 63 | 0 (0.0) | 0.927 | 0.927b |
| No | 798 (99.9) | 63 (100.0) | (0.910-0.944) | ||||
| b) in the field | |||||||
| From home | Yes | 814 | 496 (60.9) | 63 | 37 (58.7) | 0.912 | 0.730 |
| No | 318 (39.1) | 26 (41.3) | (0.542-1.536) | ||||
| Well | Yes | 814 | 251 (30.8) | 63 | 28 (44.4) | 1.794 | 0.025 |
| No | 563 (69.2) | 35 (55.6) | (1.068-3.014) | ||||
| Other | Yes | 814 | 51 (6.3) | 63 | 1 (1.6) | 0.241 | 0.097b |
| No | 763 (93.7) | 62 (98.4) | (0.033-1.776) | ||||
aChi square test;
bFishers exact test