TWIST1 regulates mineralization of DPSCs through antagonizing RUNX2 function. (A) Von Kossa staining. DPSCs stably transduced with the indicated lentiviral vectors were cultured for 4 wks in the differentiation medium. Mineralization was determined by von Kossa staining. TWIST1 overexpressing enhanced the mineral deposition of DPSCs (LV-TWIST1, left panel), whereas its silencing inhibited the mineral deposition (LV-ShT2, right panel). (B) pDmp1-Luc reporter construct was transiently co-transfected into 293FT cells with expression vectors for RUNX2 or TWIST1 alone or both. While RUNX2 stimulated Dmp1 promoter activity, it inhibited the stimulatory effects of TWIST1 on Dmp1 promoter activity. Data are mean ± the standard error of mean (SEM), n = 3. (C) pDspp-Luc reporter construct was transiently co-transfected into 293FT cells with expression vectors for RUNX2 or TWIST1 alone or both. RUNX2 inhibited Dspp promoter activity, and further inhibited the stimulatory effects of TWIST1 on Dspp promoter activity. Data are mean ± SEM, n = 3.