Table 3.

Median Substitution Rate (substitution per site per billion of years) Estimated for Different Branches of the Avian Phylogeny.

Clade	Branch	Substitution Rate
Passeriformes	Zebra finch	0.87 (0.80, 1.25)
	Pied flycatcher	0.92 (0.85, 1.33)
	Blue tit	0.58 (0.55, 0.76)
	American crow	0.49 (0.46, 0.64)
	Golden-collared manakin	0.55 (0.51, 0.71)
	Passerine root	1.20 (1.03, 2.28)
Nonpasserine Neoaves	Budgerigar	0.58 (0.55, 0.70)
	Collared dove	0.51 (0.49, 0.62)
	Hummingbirdsa	0.47 (0.40, 1.74)
	Neoaves root	0.72 (0.62, 1.32)
Galloanserae	Chicken	0.56 (0.53, 0.66)
Palaeognathae	Emu	0.34 (0.33, 0.40)

NOTE.—95% CIs are provided in parentheses.

^aAncestral + hummingbird branches.