TABLE 2.
XENOGRAFT MODELS OF SK1 IN CARCINOGENESIS
| Xenograft Models | Findings | Proposed Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gastric Cancer | Antisense Sphk1 oligonucleotides decreased xenograft growth by 50% | Increased apoptosis in xenograft | (Fuereder et al.) |
| A-498 kidney carcinoma | Sorafenib acts synergistically with two SK1/SK2 inhibitors to decrease tumor growth | Increased caspase 3/7 activation. Decreased ERK activation. Decreased angiogenesis. | (Beljanski et al.) |
| Bxpc-3 Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma | Sorafenib acts synergistically with two SK1/SK2 inhibitors to decrease tumor growth | Increased caspase 3/7 activation. Decreased ERK activation. Decreased angiogenesis. | (Beljanski et al.) |
| PC-3 - Prostate Cancer | SK inhibitor (B-5354c) and Irinotecan independently and synergistically decrease tumor growth and distant metastases | Decreased survival of tumor cells | (Pchejetski et al., 2008) |
| MCF-7 Breast Cancer | Overexpression of SK1 increases tumor growth | Increased microvessel density | 28 |
| U937-AML cells | SK inhibitor (BML-258) decreased tumor growth. | Increased TUNEL positive cells. Decreased mitotic figures. | (Paugh et al., 2008) |
| NIH 3T3 | Overexpression of SK1 allows for tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice | Allows for anchorage independent growth | 24 |
| MDA MB-231 Breast cancer | A S1P specific antibody decreases xenograft growth | Decreased IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF release from tumors. Increased Caspase-3 activation. | 57 |
| SKOV-3 Ovarian Cancer | A S1P specific antibody decreases xenograft growth | Decreased IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF release from tumors. Increased Caspase-3 activation. | 57 |
| A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma | A S1P specific antibody decreases xenograft growth | Decreased IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF release from tumors. Increased Caspase-3 activation. | 57 |
| JC Breast Cancer | SK specific inhibitor decreases tumor volume | Increased apoptosis. | (French et al., 2003) |