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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jul 27.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Ophthalmol. 2009 Nov;127(11):1483–1493. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.130

Table 1.

Characteristics of 1,787 CAREDS participants in quintile five versus one of total and specific types of fats at WHI baseline1

Total Fats ω-6 polyunsaturated fats ω-3 polyunsaturated fats
Quintile 1 5 p-value 1 5 p-value 1 5 p-value
Demographics
Income >$75,000 (%) 24 12 0.0009 20 14 0.0007 17 18 0.04
Race (% white) 97 98 0.46 96 97 0.24 97 96 0.06
Education
 High school 15 34 <0.0001 16 31 <0.0001 19 25 0.31
 College 48 51 48 46 48 48
 Graduate 37 15 36 23 33 27
Age (years)2 70±0.37 69±0.36 0.4 70±0.36 69±0.36 0.7 70±0.36 69±0.36 0.7
Intake From Foods
Energy, kcals/d 1552±33.5 1682±33 0.009 1549±33 1628±33 0.02 1591±33 1623±33 0.04
Total fat, % kcals 20±0.14 44±0.14 <0.0001 23±0.31 41±0.31 <0.0001 24±0.35 39±0.35 <0.0001
Polyunsaturated fat, % kcals 4±0.08 9±0.08 <0.0001 4±0.05 10±0.05 <0.0001 4±0.08 9±0.08 <0.0001
Saturated fats, % kcals 7±0.10 15±0.09 <0.0001 9±0.17 13±0.17 <0.0001 8±0.16 13±0.16 <0.0001
Monounsaturated fats, % kcals 7±0.07 16±0.07 <0.0001 8±0.13 15±0.13 <0.0001 9±0.15 14±0.15 <0.0001
Lutein, μg/d 3032±85 1526±84 <0.0001 2566±88 1886±87 <0.0001 2174±88 2329±88 0.5
Vitamin C, mg/d 152±3.3 74±3.2 <0.0001 140±3.4 89±3.4 <0.0001 128±3.5 101±3.5 <0.0001
Vitamin A, μg/d 1134±26.7 875±26.3 0.002 1087±26.5 875±26.5 <0.0001 1031±26.5 922±26.5 0.01
Vitamin E, mg/d 8±0.23 9±0.23 <0.0001 7±0.23 9±0.23 <0.0001 7±0.23 9.5±0.23 <0.0001
Vitamin D, μg/d 6±0.20 5±0.20 0.0045 6±0.19 5±0.19 0.044 7±0.20 5±0.20 <0.0001
Zinc, mg/d 11±0.28 10±0.28 0.001 11.5±0.27 10±0.27 <0.0001 11±0.27 10±0.27 0.04
Lifestyle
Pack-years ≥7, % smokers2 20 21 0.5 19 22 0.9 21 24 0.3
Physical activity, METS/wk 21±0.77 9±0.76 <0.0001 19±0.78 11±0.77 <0.0001 17 12 <0.0001
High dose antioxidant users (%)2,4 12 6 <0.0001 9 8 <0.0001 11 7 <0.0001
Medical History
Body mass index (kg/m2) 26±0.31 29±0.30 <0.0001 27±0.31 29±0.30 <0.0001 27±0.31 29±0.31 <0.0001
Waist-to-hip ratio 0.78±0.004 0.81±0.004 <0.0001 0.79±0.004 0.82±0.004 <0.0001 0.79±0.004 0.81±0.004 <0.0001
Cardiovascular disease (%) 22 25 0.9 22 24 0.5 24 25 0.9
Hypertension (%) 21 34 0.005 24 33 0.05 24 34 0.006
Diabetes (%) 1 6 0.009 2 6 0.004 2 6 0.03
Family history of AMD (%)2 16 17 0.8 13 16 0.21 15 19 0.1
Ocular Outcomes (%)2
Intermediate AMD 18 19 0.7 17 21 0.6 16 25 0.01
Large drusen 16 17 0.3 13 18 0.4 12 21 0.01
Pigmentary abnormalities 9 11 0.7 9 12 0.5 10 15 0.07
1

Data represent age-adjusted least squares means (SE) or percentage of participants, directly standardized for age groups: ≤69, 70–74, ≥75), except for age

2

Assessed at WHI-baseline in 1994–1998,

3

Assessed in CAREDS questionnaires or study visits

4

Daily intake of at least 2 of the following 3 antioxidants from supplements containing ≥120 mg vitamin C, ≥60 IU (40 mg) vitamin E, or ≥10,000 μg beta-carotene at CAREDS-baseline for 10 or more years

5

p-values were calculated using regression coefficients from the analyses of covariance, for continuous variables the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Statistic for general association for categorical variables