Table 1.

Characteristics of mothers at enrollment by HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission status, Butare, Rwanda, 1989–1994^*

Characteristic	Transmitters N (%)	Non-transmitters N (%)	HIV-negative N (%)
Total†	20	20	20
Maternal age (years)‡
< 20	10 (50%)	9 (45%)	0 (0%)
20–24	8 (40%)	9 (45%)	12 (60%)
25+	2 (10%)	2 (10%)	8 (40%)
Maternal attained education
None	3 (15%)	1 (5%)	5 (25%)
1–4 years	5 (25%)	6 (30%)	7 (35%)
5 + years	12 (60%)	13 (65%)	8 (40%)
Household income (Rwandan francs)
< 1,000	6 (30%)	9 (45%)	7 (35%)
1,000–4,999	9 (45%)	6 (30%)	10 (50%)
5,000+	4 (20%)	4 (20%)	3 (15%)
Number of previous pregnancies
None	10 (50%)	7 (35%)	6 (30%)
1–2	7 (35%)	11 (55%)	8 (40%)
3+	3 (15%)	2 (10%)	6 (30%)
Baby birth weight§
< 2,500 grams	9 (45%)	6 (30%)	2 (10%)
2,500 + grams	11 (55%)	14 (70%)	18 (90%)
Any sex partner other than father of baby‡
None	7 (35%)	11 (55%)	19 (95%)
At least one	12 (60%)	9 (45%)	1 (5%)
History of malaria in the past 3 years
No malaria	5 (25%)	7 (35%)	7 (35%)
Malaria but not laboratory confirmed	2 (10%)	4 (20%)	6 (30%)
Laboratory confirmed malaria	13 (65%)	8 (40%)	7 (35%)
History of sexually transmitted diseases in the past 3 years§
None	9 (45%)	11 (55%)	17 (85%)
1	4 (20%)	2 (10%)	2 (10%)
2+	7 (35%)	7 (35%)	1 (5%)
Among HIV-infected women only
Major or minor symptoms of AIDS
None	11 (55%)	12 (60%)
1	8 (40%)	6 (30%)
2+	1 (5%)	2 (10%)
CD4%
< 30%	10 (50%)	4 (20%)
≥ 30%	10 (50%)	16 (80%)
CD4/CD8 ratio
< 0.50	6 (30%)	4 (20%)
≥ 0.50	10 (50%)	12 (60%)

^*HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

^†Some cells do not total 20 because of missing values.

^‡χ² test statistic for overall association P < 0.005.

^§χ² test statistic for overall association P < 0.05.