Table 2.

Number of women, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) by maternal and placenta characteristics

	Total	Transmitter	Non-transmitter	OR (95% CI)
Placental malaria
Yes	22	15	7	5.6 (1.4–21.9)
No	18	5	13	1.0 (ref)
Placental membrane inflammation
Yes	9	7	2	4.8 (0.9–27.2)
No	31	13	18	1.0 (ref)
Placental weight
< 450 grams	9	6	3	2.4 (0.5–11.5)
≥ 450 grams	31	14	17	1.0 (ref)
Birth weight
< 2,500 grams	14	8	6	1.7 (0.5–6.4)
≥ 2,500 grams	25	11	14	1.0 (ref)
Number of sex partners during pregnancy
1	18	7	11	1.0 (ref)
≥ 2	20	11	9	1.9 (0.5–7.0)
Syphilis infection (by VDRL)
Positive	7	3	4	0.75 (0.1–3.9)
Negative	32	16	16	1.0 (ref)
Maternal CD4/CD8 ratio
< 0.5	12	8	4	2.8 (0.7–11.9)
≥ 0.5	24	10	14	1.0 (ref)
CD4 percent
< 30	14	10	4	4.0 (1.0–16.3)
≥ 30	26	10	16	1.0 (ref)
Ultrasensitive p24 antigen
< 1,000	12	6	6	1.0 (ref)
≥ 1,000	27	14	13	1.1 (0.3–4.2)
Primigravidae
Yes	16	9	7	1.7 (0.5–6.1)
No	23	10	13	1.0 (ref)
Duration of membrane rupture
< 4 hours	28	13	15	1.0 (ref)
≥ 4 hours	10	6	4	1.7 (0.4–7.5)