Table 1.
Household characteristics for all participants (N = 254): demographics, water, sanitation, and hygiene practices, and infant feeding counseling and HIV progression
| N = 254 | Percent | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Sites | ||
| Chipata | 53 | 21 |
| John Laing | 25 | 10 |
| Kanyama | 35 | 14 |
| Mahopo/Shantumbu | 9 | 4 |
| Misisi | 53 | 21 |
| N'gombe | 54 | 21 |
| Ngwerere | 25 | 10 |
| Median number of household members (range) | 5 | 2–12 |
| Median mother's age (range) | 29 | 12–55 |
| Mother's marital status* | ||
| Married/living together | 208 | 82 |
| Single/divorced/widowed/separated | 45 | 18 |
| Mother's education | ||
| None | 27 | 11 |
| Primary | 152 | 60 |
| Secondary or more | 75 | 30 |
| Season | ||
| Dry | 34 | 13 |
| Rainy | 220 | 87 |
| Water, sanitation, and hygiene | ||
| Water source | ||
| Piped into home or yard | 8 | 3 |
| Public standpipe | 193 | 76 |
| Borehole | 29 | 11 |
| Protected dug well | 15 | 6 |
| Unprotected dug well | 7 | 3 |
| Other† | 2 | 1 |
| Time to water source 30 minutes or less* | 214 | 87 |
| Water treatment | 119 | 47 |
| Chlorinate | 107 | 42 |
| Boil | 18 | 7 |
| Solar disinfection | 2 | 1 |
| Currently have treated water in home‡ | 37 | 21 |
| Water storage container covered§ | 199 | 92 |
| Method of obtaining water¶ | ||
| Cup used to draw water | 183 | 85 |
| Pour water | 32 | 15 |
| Sanitation* | ||
| Improved and private pit latrine | 18 | 7 |
| Improved pit latrine but shared | 191 | 76 |
| Unimproved pit latrine | 30 | 12 |
| No toilet | 14 | 6 |
| Safe disposal of child's stool* | 236 | 94 |
| Soap present in household§ | 104 | 48 |
| Infant feeding counseling and HIV | ||
| Mother received counseling on infant feeding* | 227 | 92 |
| When mother received counseling (N = 227) | ||
| Was told of MTCT | 224 | 98 |
| Given two feeding options | 217 | 95 |
| Asked about water source* | 23 | 10 |
| Asked about fuel‖ | 15 | 9 |
| Asked about fridge‖ | 15 | 9 |
| Mother's CD4 count | ||
| ≤ 350 | 24 | 9 |
| > 350 | 35 | 14 |
| Do not know | 195 | 77 |
| Mother currently on ART** | 145 | 63 |
Data missing for less than or equal to nine households (marital status: one missing; time to water source: nine missing; sanitation: one missing; safe disposal of child's stool: three missing; mother received counseling: six missing; mother asked about water source: one missing).
Other water sources included bottled water (one household) and surface water (one household). The household drinking bottled water was classified as having improved drinking water because of an improved secondary water source as defined by the WHO.
Data missing for 79 households on currently having treated water.
Data missing for 37 households on water storage container covering and having soap present.
Data missing for 39 households on method for obtaining water.
Data missing for 67 households on whether mother was asked about fuel and fridge during counseling.
Data missing for 24 households on whether mother is on ART.