Table 1.
Characteristics of controls, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma cases
| Characteristics | NI controls | RE | P value | All controls | BE | P value | EAC | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 119 | 219 | 256 | 220 | 224 | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 68 (10) | 62 (11) | <0.01 | 63 (13) | 62 (12) | 0.50 | 64 (11) | 0.25 |
| Sex, Men, % | 69.8 | 83.6 | <0.011 | 84.4 | 82.3 | 0.541 | 84.4 | 1.001 |
| BMI 5 yrs prior (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.2 (4.1) | 27.7 (4.5) | 0.25 | 27.1 (3.9) | 26.9 (4.0) | 0.74 | 28.6 (4.9) | <0.01 |
| Education (years) | 11 (3) | 11 (2) | 0.15 | 12 (3) | 11 (3) | 0.02 | 11 (3) | <0.01 |
| Occupation type, % | ||||||||
| Manual | 47.0 | 49.5 | 49.4 | 58.5 | 60.1 | |||
| Non-manual | 53.0 | 50.5 | 0.661 | 50.6 | 41.5 | 0.051 | 39.9 | 0.021 |
| GER symptomsa, %g | ||||||||
| Ever | 23.5 | 39.7 | 19.2 | 72.3 | 48.2 | |||
| Never | 76.5 | 60.3 | <0.011 | 80.8 | 27.7 | <0.011 | 51.8 | <0.011 |
| NSAID use 5 yrs prior, ever, % | 12.8 | 17.4 | 0.271 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 0.751 | 10.3 | 0.521 |
| Smoking status, % | ||||||||
| Current | 18.8 | 21.5 | 17.7 | 22.8 | 34.7 | |||
| Previous | 37.6 | 29.0 | 42.2 | 37.4 | 44.8 | |||
| Never | 43.6 | 49.5 | 0.722 | 40.2 | 39.7 | 0.422 | 20.6 | <0.012 |
| H. pylori, seropositive, % | 65.0 | 42.4 | <0.011 | 58.5 | 50.5 | 0.091 | 49.0 | 0.041 |
| Location, % | ||||||||
| Northern Ireland | 100 | 100 | 46.5 | 68.2 | 50.9 | |||
| Republic of Ireland | 0 | 0 | - | 53.5 | 31.8 | <0.011 | 49.1 | 0.341 |
| Calories (kcal), mean (SD) | 2,588 (893) | 2,692 (747) | 0.26 | 2,576 (811) | 2,721 (770) | 0.05 | 2,756 (813) | 0.02 |
| Fruit (portion/day), mean (SD) | 2.7 (2.9) | 2.6 (2.7) | 0.77 | 2.5 (2.9) | 2.1 (2.2) | 0.09 | 2.4 (2.6) | 0.55 |
| Vegetables (portion/day), mean (SD) | 5.6 (3.2) | 5.4 (2.1) | 0.49 | 5.3 (2.8) | 5.0 (2.6) | 0.13 | 5.5 (2.9) | 0.41 |
| Alcohol (g/day), mean (SD) | 20.2 (22.7) | 22.0 (21.5) | 0.55 | 26.3 (23.3) | 22.3 (25.4) | 0.13 | 19.8 (22.0) | 0.01 |
BE, Barrett’s esophagus; BMI, body mass index; EAC, esophageal adencarcinoma; GER, gastroesophageal reflux; NI, Northern Ireland; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; RE, reflux esophagitis.
Some columns may not total 100% due to rounding.
RE cases compared to Northern Ireland controls only; EAC cases compared to all controls.
1
Cases compared to controls by student’s t-test, except chi-squared test and
2
Mantel-Haenszel chi-squared test.
a
GER: symptoms of heartburn/acid reflux occurring more than 50 times per year, more than 5 years prior to the interview date.