Table 2.
Risk of reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma in relation to fat and cholesterol intake
| Dietary intake NI controls/all controls (median) |
NI controls |
RE | All controls |
BE | EAC | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a |
No. | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a |
No. | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a |
|||
| Total fat (g/day) | ||||||||
| 94.2/78.3 | 30 | 39 | Ref | 64 | 27 | Ref | 16 | Ref |
| 105.4/95.2 | 30 | 60 | 1.20 (0.47-3.04) | 64 | 57 | 2.08 (0.89-4.89) | 46 | 3.62 (1.43-9.12) |
| 114.3/107.4 | 30 | 38 | 0.71 (0.25-1.97) | 64 | 57 | 1.62 (0.67-3.95) | 70 | 5.02 (1.99-12.64) |
| 122.8/121.2 | 29 | 82 | 3.54 (1.32-9.46) | 64 | 79 | 1.81 (0.70-4.67) | 92 | 5.44 (2.08-14.27) |
| P for trend | 0.03 | 0.35 | <0.01 | |||||
| Saturated fat (g/day) | ||||||||
| 32.1/29.9 | 30 | 41 | Ref | 64 | 42 | Ref | 31 | Ref |
| 38.7/36.4 | 30 | 52 | 1.91 (0.75-4.89) | 64 | 42 | 0.91 (0.40-2.06) | 28 | 1.02 (0.44-2.38) |
| 46.6/42.1 | 30 | 49 | 1.25 (0.47-3.31) | 64 | 59 | 1.34 (0.60-2.99) | 65 | 1.62 (0.74-3.52) |
| 54.8/53.8 | 29 | 77 | 2.79 (1.11-7.04) | 64 | 77 | 1.07 (0.48-2.36) | 100 | 2.41 (1.14-5.08) |
| P for trend | 0.07 | 0.75 | 0.01 | |||||
| Monounsaturated fat (g/day) | ||||||||
| 32.0/26.5 | 30 | 45 | Ref | 64 | 36 | Ref | 19 | Ref |
| 35.1/32.5 | 30 | 38 | 0.56 (0.22-1.46) | 64 | 44 | 1.03 (0.45-2.38) | 40 | 1.76 (0.73-4.25) |
| 37.6/36.4 | 30 | 51 | 0.61 (0.23-1.62) | 64 | 72 | 1.28 (0.55-3.01) | 70 | 3.21 (1.30-7.96) |
| 41.4/41.2 | 29 | 85 | 2.63 (1.01-6.86) | 64 | 68 | 1.59 (0.64-3.96) | 95 | 5.35 (2.14-13.34) |
| P for trend | 0.10 | 0.28 | <0.01 | |||||
| Polyunsaturated fat (g/day) | ||||||||
| 12.1/10.6 | 30 | 53 | Ref | 64 | 59 | Ref | 43 | Ref |
| 15.3/13.5 | 30 | 51 | 1.48 (0.56-3.89) | 64 | 47 | 0.85 (0.38-1.94) | 64 | 1.29 (0.59-2.82) |
| 20.3/16.5 | 30 | 59 | 1.01 (0.40-2.52) | 64 | 50 | 1.27 (0.53-3.06) | 67 | 2.68 (1.23-5.85) |
| 27.7/24.8 | 29 | 56 | 1.69 (0.67-4.27) | 64 | 64 | 0.94 (0.40-2.17) | 50 | 1.60 (0.73-3.49) |
| P for trend | 0.38 | 0.94 | 0.30 | |||||
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | ||||||||
| 260.6/248.2 | 30 | 67 | Ref | 64 | 57 | Ref | 29 | Ref |
| 329.1/317.1 | 30 | 47 | 0.69 (0.28-1.71) | 64 | 40 | 0.66 (0.30-1.46) | 30 | 1.42 (0.62-3.23) |
| 374.5/363.3 | 30 | 46 | 0.60 (0.24-1.48) | 64 | 37 | 0.75 (0.32-1.76) | 41 | 1.63 (0.69-3.83) |
| 484.7/462.3 | 29 | 59 | 1.20 (0.51-2.84) | 64 | 86 | 1.54 (0.73-3.23) | 124 | 3.59 (1.71-7.54) |
| P for trend | 0.68 | 0.14 | <0.01 | |||||
Unconditional multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).
BE, Barrett’s esophagus; EAC, esophageal adenocarcinoma; NI, Northern Ireland; RE, reflux esophagitis.
Fat and cholesterol intakes represent quartiles based on Northern Ireland controls for RE cases only, and all controls for BE and EAC cases.
Risk estimates adjusted for age at interview, sex, smoking status (never, former, current), body mass index 5 years prior to interview date (kg/m2), job type (manual, non-manual), education (years), energy intake (kcal), fruit intake (portions per day), vegetable intake (portions per day), alcohol intake (grams per day), Helicobacter pylori infection (seronegative, seropositive), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use 5 years prior to interview date (weekly use for 6 months or more), gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (yes, no), and location (Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland) (for BE and EAC analyses only).
P for trend across quartiles is based on the median category values being assigned to each subject within quartiles and modeled as a continuous variable.