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Tapping mode AFM height images of: (a) the surface of a cleaned ITO electrode; (b) a sol-gel layer doped with aniline on an ITO electrode, prior to aniline polymerization; and (c) a sol-gel/ITO electrode after electrochemical polymerization of aniline. (d) Three-dimensional image of the surface shown in (c). The scan areas are 5×5 μm2 in (a) and 10×10 μm2 in (b)–(d).
