Table 1.
Non-viable probiotic microorganisms or probiotic cell components demonstrated to elicit an immune response
| Probiotic microorganism | Inactivation treatment | Bacterial component(s) | Type study | Immune response elicited | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L. casei Shirota | Heat | WBC | Mouse J774A monocyte/macrophage cell line | ⊕ IL-12, TNF-α, IL10 | Cross et al. 2004 |
| L. casei Shirota | Heat | WBC | BALB/c mice fed with bacteria and then injected with OVA (in vivo) | ↓ OVA-specific IgE; in splenocytes: ↓ IL-4, IL-5, IL-6; ⊕ IFN-γ, IL-2 |
Matsuzaki and Chin 2000 |
| L. casei Shirota | Heat | WBC | C57BL/6 mice presensitised by epicutaneous patching with Der p 2 and then fed with bacteria (in vivo) | ↓ Der p 2, IgE, IgG1 | Lim et al. 2009 |
| Splenic T cells from C57BL/6 mice fed with bacteria (in vivo) | ↓ IL-5, IL-13, IL-4 TNF-α, IFN-γ |
||||
|
L. acidophilus A2 L. gasseri A5 L. salivarius A6 |
Heat | WBC | Mouse splenocytes | ⊕ IL-10, IL-12p70, IFN-γ | Chuang et al. 2007 |
| L. plantarum L-137 | Heat | WBC | DBA/2 mice fed a casein diet, then intraperitoneally administered with bacteria | ↓ casein-specific IgE; ⊕plasma level IL-12 |
Murosaki et al. 1998 |
| L. acidophilus L-92 | Heat | WBC | BALB/c mice after OVA immunisation (in vivo) | ↓ OVA-specific IgE; ⊕ IFN-γ, reduction in Th2 cytokines in splenocytes |
Torii et al. 2007 |
| Mouse Peyer’s patches after oral administration of bacteria (in vivo) | ⊕ TGF-β and total IgA | ||||
|
Bifidobacterium sp., L. acidophilus L. casei L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus L. gasseri L. helveticus L. reuteri Streptococcus thermophilus |
Heat | WBC, cell wall components and cytoplasmic extracts | Mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages | ⊕ TNF-α, IL-6, NO | Tejada-Simon and Pestka 1999 |
| L. salivarius UCC118 | UV | WBC | Human AGS Gastric epithelial cells | ↓ IL-8 upon Helicobacter pylori infection | Ryan et al. 2008 |
| L. rhamnosus GG | UV | WBC | Human Caco-2 cell line | ↓ IL-8 by decreasing Ub-IκB | Lopez et al. 2008 |
| Bifidobacteriumbreve Bb1 and Bb2; L. rhamnosus GG | UV | WBC | Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells | ⊕ IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10; ↓ IL13 |
van Hoffen et al. 2010 |
| VSL#3 bacterial mix | Sonication | WBC | Splenocytes from mice sensitised with Par j 1 (in vivo) | ⊕ IL-10, IFN-γ | Mastrangeli et al. 2009 |
| Prophylactic intranasal administration in mice (in vivo) | ↓ serum antigen-specific IgG1; ↓ IL-13 and IL-4 mRNA; ⊕ IL-10 expression in the lungs |
||||
| Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | Low temperature | WBC | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy and grass pollen allergic subjects | TH1 switch (IL4/IFNγ ratio); ⊕ IL10, IL12; ↓ CD23 |
Rasche et al. 2007 |
| Bacillus coagulans GBI-30 | / | Cell wall components | Human polymorphonuclear cells | ⊕ IL-4, IL-6, IL-10; ↓ ROS, IL-2; ↓ Chemotactic migration in response to IL-8 and leukotriene B4 |
Jensen et al. 2010 |
| Lactobacillus casei Shirota | / | Insoluble intact cell wall | Mouse peritoneal macrophages | ⊕ IL-12 | Shida et al. 2006 |
| L. plantarum K8 (KCTC10887BP) | / | LTAs | Human monocytic THP-1 cells | Downregulation of NOD2 expression induced by PGN of Shigella flexneri KCTC 2517 | Kim et al. 2011 |
|
L. johnsonii La1 L. acidophilus La10 |
/ | LTAs | Human HT29 cell line | Inhibition of LPS responsiveness mediated by soluble CD14 | Vidal et al. 2002 |
|
L. casei YIT 9029 L. fermentum YIT 0159 (FERM P-13859) |
/ | LTAs | Mouse RAW264.7 macrophages | ⊕ TNF-α through NF-κB activation | Matsuguchi et al. 2003 |
| L. plantarum ATCC 14917T | WTAs | Mouse leukaemic monocyte macrophage cell line | Activation of ERK, ⊕ IL-10; ↓ IL-12 |
Kaji et al. 2010 | |
| L. acidophilus NCFM | / | SlpA | Immature human dendritic cells | ⊕ IL-10 expression through DC-SIGN in the presence of LPS; activation of IL-4-producing T cells | Konstantinov et al. 2008 |
|
L. johnsonii La1 (NCC 533) L. helveticus ATCC15009, Bacillus subtilis NCC199 Lactococcus lactis MG |
/ | GroEL | Human HT29 cells and macrophages | ⊕ IL-8 | Bergonzelli et al. 2006 |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 | / | BopA | Human Caco-2 cell line | ⊕ IL-8 | Guglielmetti et al. 2008 |
|
Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (all from VSL#3) |
/ | Genomic DNA | Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells | ⊕ IL-10; ↓ IL-1β |
Lammers et al. 2003 |
In vivo studies are indicated. Where not indicated, the study has been performed in vitro. WBC whole bacterial cells have been used. ⊕, enhanced production; ↓, inhibited production
DC-SIGN dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin, Der p 2 a major allergen from dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, ERK extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, IFN-γ interferon-γ, Ig immunoglobulin, IL interleukin, LPS lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli, LTAs lipoteichoic acids, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NO nitric oxide, NOD2 nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain containing, OVA ovalbumin, ROS reactive oxygen species, Slp surface layer protein, TAs teichoic acids, TGF-β transforming growth factor β, TNF-α tumour necrosis factor-α, WTAs wall teichoic acids