Table 2.
Percentage differences in arteriolar tortuosity for a one SD/log SD increase in a range of cardiometabolic risk factors
| % Difference in Arteriolar Tortuosity (95% CI) p(Difference) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean† | SD/GSD† | Adjustment 1 | Adjustment 2 | Adjustment 3 | |||||||
| Age (years) | 9.8 | 0.4 | −1.9 | (−4.7, 0.8) | 0.17 | −2.0 | (−4.7, 0.8) | 0.16 | |||
| Height (cm) | 139.2 | 7.0 | 0.2 | (−2.1, 2.5) | 0.88 | 0.5 | (−1.8, 2.9) | 0.67 | |||
| Ponderal index (kg/m3)* | 13.2 | 1.2 | 0.8 | (−1.4, 3.0) | 0.48 | 1.0 | (−1.2, 3.2) | 0.40 | |||
| Waist circumference (cm)* | 63.7 | 1.1 | 0.2 | (−2.0, 2.5) | 0.84 | 0.5 | (−1.7, 2.7) | 0.68 | |||
| Sum of skinfolds (mm)* | 42.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | (−0.9, 3.7) | 0.24 | 1.5 | (−0.7, 3.9) | 0.18 | |||
| Fat mass index (kg/m5)* | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.6 | (−1.6, 2.9) | 0.59 | 0.7 | (−1.5, 3.0) | 0.52 | |||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 | (−1.6, 3.4) | 0.48 | 0.9 | (−1.6, 3.4) | 0.48 | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3 | 0.3 | 0.7 | (−1.6, 3.2) | 0.55 | 0.7 | (−1.7, 3.1) | 0.56 | |||
| Insulin (mU/L)* | 7.2 | 1.8 | 0.6 | (−1.9, 3.2) | 0.65 | 0.7 | (−1.8, 3.3) | 0.57 | |||
| Insulin resistance* | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.6 | (−1.9, 3.2) | 0.65 | 0.7 | (−1.8, 3.3) | 0.57 | |||
| Triglyceride (mmol/L)* | 0.9 | 1.5 | 3.7 | (1.2, 6.4) | 0.004 | 3.7 | (1.1, 6.3) | 0.005 | 3.8 | (1.0, 6.6) | 0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.5 | 0.8 | 3.3 | (0.9, 5.8) | 0.01 | 3.3 | (0.9, 5.7) | 0.01 | 3.2 | (0.8, 5.7) | 0.01 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.7 | 0.7 | 3.1 | (0.6, 5.6) | 0.01 | 3.1 | (0.6, 5.6) | 0.01 | 2.9 | (0.4, 5.5) | 0.02 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.5 | 0.3 | −0.2 | (−2.5, 2.2) | 0.89 | −0.3 | (−2.7, 2.1) | 0.79 | |||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 104.4 | 10.7 | 1.9 | (−0.3, 4.2) | 0.09 | 2.0 | (−0.3, 4.2) | 0.09 | 1.5 | (−1.0, 4.0) | 0.24 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 63.2 | 9.1 | 2.3 | (0.1, 4.6) | 0.04 | 2.3 | (0.1, 4.6) | 0.04 | 1.5 | (−0.9, 3.9) | 0.23 |
| C reactive protein (mg/L)* | 0.6 | 3.7 | −0.2 | (−2.5, 2.2) | 0.86 | −0.1 | (−2.4, 2.2) | 0.92 | |||
Analyses of age and anthropometric measurements are based on 986 subjects; analyses of blood measurements are based on 872 subjects
Log transformed variable
Arithmetic mean and SD or geometric mean and geometric SD for log transformed variables (95% central range is geometric mean × GSD2, is geometric mean × GSD2)
All percentage differences in tortuosity are for a one SD increase in risk factor
Adjustment 1: includes gender, age groups (except for age), ethnicity, observer (physical measurements only), month, retinal branch status and a random effect for child within school
Adjustment 2: includes all variables in adjustment 1 plus axial length
Adjustment 3: includes all variables in adjustment 2, plus adjustment for height, sum of skinfolds, fasting insulin and (i) SBP for Triglyceride, LDL and total cholesterol associations, (ii) LDL cholesterol for BP associations.