Fig. 5.

Focal pathological changes are present in the brain in response to peripheral atherosclerosis. Haematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining (A) reveals vascular inflammation as indicated by dilated blood vessels and inflammatory infiltrates in the hypothalamus adjacent to the third ventricle in Paigen fed ApoE^−/− mice. Focal lipid deposition as identified by Oil red O staining is observed in the vicinity of perivascular CD45-positive leucocytes (B). This is associated with an increase in the number of activated, Iba1-positive microglia (C) recruitment of CD45⁺ cells (D, red) and focally upregulated VCAM immunostaining (D, green). VCAM expression is also seen in the ipsilateral wall of the third ventricle but not in the contralateral part. Parallel brain sections from a representative brain are shown. ^∗P < 0.05. Scale bars: 100 and 12.5 μm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this paper.)