FIG. 3.

Inulin overcomes insulin resistance in a PI3-K/Akt- and AMPK-dependent manner. C2C12 cells were incubated in serum-free medium overnight and incubated in serum-free medium containing either normal (5.5 mM) or high (30 mM) concentrations of d-glucose for an additional 24 hours. Before harvesting, the cells were stimulated with 1 mg/mL inulin or 100 nM insulin for 1 hour. (A) The phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt was analyzed with anti-phospho-Ser⁴⁷³ Akt and anti-phospho-Thr¹⁷² AMPK antibodies, respectively. Experiments were repeated three times with similar results, and a representative result is shown. (B) Glucose uptake was measured as described in Materials and Methods. Data are mean ± SD values for two independent assays performed in triplicate. *P < .05 versus normal glucose; ^#P < .05 versus high glucose alone.