Table 1.
Results (p-values) of three independent association tests between variation in migratory behaviour and genetic variation at 17 polymorphic loci. n.a., not applicable owing to monomorphic locus. p-values < 0.05 are in bold; 0.05 < p-value < 0.1 in bold italic.
| gene/locus name | southern Francea (n = 87)c | southern Germanya (n = 119)c | all populationsb |
|---|---|---|---|
| CLOCK | 0.11 (0.16) | 0.76 (0.03) | 0.59 (−0.04) |
| ADCYAP1 | 0.056 (0.24) | 0.025 (0.20) | 0.0038 (0.45) |
| CREB1 | 0.74 (−0.04) | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.80 (−0.15) |
| NPAS2 | n.a. | 0.76 (0.03) | n.a. |
| SERT | 0.67 (0.05) | n.a. | n.a. |
| DRD4_366 | 0.34 (−0.04) | 0.24 (−0.09) | 0.83 (−0.17) |
| DRD4_524 | 0.39 (−0.02) | n.a. | n.a. |
| DRD4_815 | 0.59 (0.01) | n.a. | n.a. |
| DRD4_890 | 0.50 (−0.02) | 0.91 (0.01) | 0.70 (−0.08) |
| Syl1 | 0.31 (0.10) | 0.91 (0.01) | 0.82 (−0.15) |
| Syl2 | 0.046 (0.22) | 0.27 (−0.11) | 0.11 (0.23) |
| Syl4 | 0.61 (0.05) | 0.30 (0.09) | 0.75 (−0.11) |
| Syl5 | 0.85 (−0.04) | 0.40 (−0.07) | 0.77 (−0.11) |
| Syl6 | 0.10 (0.19) | 0.60 (−0.05) | 0.21 (0.15) |
| Syl9 | 0.74 (0.03) | 0.21 (−0.12) | 0.16 (0.19) |
| Ppi2 | 0.020 (−0.27) | 0.063 (−0.17) | 0.83 (−0.15) |
| Pca8 | 0.088 (−0.19) | 0.70 (−0.03) | 0.44 (0.004) |
aIndividual-based association between migratory restlessness and mean allele length genotype (microsatellites) or allele dose genotype (SNPs) using mixed-effects models with sibship as random factor (in brackets MCMC estimate of standardized regression coefficient).
bPopulation-based correlation between migration status distances and genetic differentiation (FSTs) among all summer population samples using a partial Mantel test conditional on geographical distances (in brackets Mantel correlation coefficient).
cActual sample sizes. The smaller sample sizes in comparison to the ones presented in electronic supplementary material, table S1 are explained by the fact that migratory restlessness was not measured in all birds for which DNA samples were available.