. 2011 Jun 15;141(8):1489–1494. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.139840

TABLE 3.

Glucoregulatory biomarkers, insulin growth factors, and thyroid function after consumption of the carbohydrate (CHO), whey protein (WP), or soy protein (SP) supplement in overweight or obese adult men and women¹ ²

	Treatment
	CHO	WP	SP
Glucose, log(mmol/L)	0.255 ± 0.001	0.255 ± 0.001	0.255 ± 0.001
Insulin, log(pmol/L)	18.3 ± 0.3^b	16.3 ± 0.6^a	17.2 ± 0.3^a
Ghrelin, ng/L	870 ± 23^b	752 ± 36^a	837 ± 23^b
IGF-I, μg/L	77.8 ± 1.4^a	81.5 ± 2.1^a	87.0 ± 1.3^b
IGFBP-1, ng/L	721 ± 6	717 ± 11	719 ± 6
IGFBP-3, mg/L	1.98 ± 0.03^b	1.82 ± 0.05^a	2.04 ± 0.03^b
T₃ uptake, %	31.4 ± 0.4^ab	30.9 ± 0.5^a	32.5 ± 0.4^b
Free T_4,pmol/L	14.1 ± 0.1^a	13.7 ± 0.1^a	14.5 ± 0.3^b

All values are least squares means ± SEM, = 73 (39 women, 34 men). Means without a common letter differ.

Plasma glucose, insulin, ghrelin, IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, and serum T₃ uptake and T₄.