Table 3. Heterogeneity of WNV-prevalence across different land-cover types in NYC.

Land-cover type	Area (%)	WNV prevalence	Expected WNV prevalence	κ2	p
Developed, open space	6.15	34	18.24	14.03	<0.001
Developed, low intensity	11.9	107	80.94	9.65	0.002
Developed, medium intensity	28.14	262	246.52	1.62	0.2
Developed, high intensity	40.07	187	263.79	38.96	<0.001
Barren land	0.63	1	0.21	2.87	0.09
Deciduous forest	3.72	2	2.81	0.23	0.628
Evergreen forest	0.54	7	0.43	100.56	<0.001
Mixed forest	0.11	2	0.61	3.18	0.074
Crops	0.84	1	0.48	0.55	0.457
Woody wetland	1.99	10	3.06	15.81	<0.001
Herbaceous wetland	2.68	6	1.9	8.9	0.003

Degrees of freedom was 1, and a Bonferroni-corrected significance level of α = 0.005 was used. Table only lists land-cover types in which WNV-positive dead birds were found. Land-cover types significantly different from the average are bold.