. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jul 29.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Mar;6(3):240–248. doi: 10.1038/nrc1820

Table 2.

Neuroendocrine influences on tumour viruses

Human tumour virus	Malignancy	Sensitivity^*
Human papilloma viruses 16 and 33	Cervical and head/neck cancer	HPA
Hepatitis B virus	Hepatocellular carcinoma	HPA
Hepatitis C virus	Hepatocellular carcinoma	HPA
Epstein–Barr virus	Lymphoma, and nasopharygeal carcinoma	HPA
Human T-cell lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2	Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma	ANS
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus	Kaposi sarcoma, and primary effusion lymphoma	ANS

Presumptive, based on in vitro studies. ANS, autonomic nervous system; HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Vaccination is an important primary prevention strategy against viral tumours, and behavioural factors can influence the efficacy of this approach by modulating vaccine-induced immune responses^102,103.