Table 1.

Overview of fMRI delay conditioning experiments

Author	CS	US	CS+ > CS−	Habituation	SCR recorded	aSCR
LaBar et al., 1998	Colored shapes	Electric shock	*
Büchel et al., 1998	Neutral faces	Loud noise		✓✓	✓
Morris et al., 1998	Angry faces	Loud noise	✓✓		✓
Knight et al., 1999	Colored lights	Electric shock
Pine et al., 2001	Colored lights	Pressure pain		*
Morris et al., 2001	Angry faces	Loud noise	✓	✓
Veit et al., 2002	Neutral faces	Pressure pain		*	✓
Gottfried et al., 2002	Neutral faces	Unpleasant odor
Armony and Dolan, 2002	Angry faces	Loud noise	✓✓
Cheng et al., 2003	Colored lights	Electric shock			✓	*
Gottfried and Dolan, 2004	Neutral faces	Unpleasant odor	✓
Morris and Dolan, 2004	Neutral faces	Loud noise	✓	✓
Knight et al., 2004a	Colored shapes	Electric shock			✓
Knight et al., 2004b	Colored lights	Electric shock			✓
Birbaumer et al., 2005	Neutral faces	Pressure pain	✓	*	✓
Knight et al., 2005	Sine tones	Loud noise			✓	*
Tabbert et al., 2006	Geometric shapes	Electric shock	✓		✓
Cheng et al., 2006	Colored shapes	Electric shock			✓	*
Cheng et al., 2007	Geometric shapes	Electric shock			✓	*
Milad et al., 2007	Colored lights	Electric shock	✓		✓
Jensen et al., 2008	Colored shapes	Electric shock			✓
Schiller et al., 2008	Angry faces	Electric shock	*		✓
Delgado et al., 2008	Colored shapes	Electric shock			✓
Marschner et al., 2008	Geometric shapes	Electric shock		✓	✓
Knight et al., 2009	Sine tones	Loud noise	✓		✓

Experiments were identified by using the keywords “fMRI” or “BOLD” and “conditioning” in PubMed and iteratively searching references of each identified study. For drug/patient studies, only the control condition is listed here. Several studies are not listed because they did not report results from the initial learning phase (Glascher and Buchel, 2005; Kalisch et al., 2006, 2009) or they were drug/patient studies not reporting results for the (full) placebo/control group (Critchley et al., 2002; Eippert et al., 2008). Also, studies that implicitly used an instructed learning paradigm (Jensen et al., 2003) are not included, or only the condition not involving instructed fear is listed (Tabbert et al., 2006). In a study investigating emotion regulation strategies, only the main effects across the different strategies are listed (Delgado et al., 2008). In order to control for false positives, results are only shown when they survived small volume or whole-brain correction for multiple testing at least at p < 0.05 (false-defense ratio or family-wise error).

We indicate, for both hemispheres separately, whether amygdala activity was reported for the contrasts CS+ > CS−, differential habituation, and, if SCR was recorded, for a correlation with anticipatory SCRs. , No activation reported; ✓, activation reported.

*, Authors reported activation at an uncorrected level.