Table 1.
Major Tools and Related Articles Used to Assess PICU and NICU Parent Needs
| Author, year | Country | No. of subjectsa | Parents no. (%)b | Bereaved no. (%)c | Patients | Setting | Items (no.) | Constructs measured | Reliability and validity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI) | |||||||||
| Molter, 1979 | USA | 40 | 1 (3%) | - | Adult | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs; needs met (y/n); met by whom | Content validity—experts |
| Bouman, 1984 | USA | 34 | 3 (9%) | - | Adult | ICU | 15 | Importance of needs | Content validity—Q sort to identify 15 most important items |
| Leske, 1986 | USA | 55 | 23 (42%) | - | Adult | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs | Content validity—experts ICR α = 0.98 |
| Norris et al., 1986 | USA | 40 (20 relatives, 20 nurses) | — | - | Adult | ICU | 30 | Importance of needs | Content validity—Q sort to identify 30 most important items; ICR α = 0.85 |
| Spatt et al., 1986 | USA | 25 | 4 (16%) | - | Adult | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs | ICR α = 0.88 |
| Forrester et al., 1990 | USA | 141 (92 relatives, 49 nurses) | 32 (35%) | - | Adult | Surgical & Neurol. ICU | 30 | Importance of needs | ICR α = 0.94 |
| Kirschbaum, 1990 | USA | 41 | 41 (100%) | - | Pediatric | PICU | 53 | Importance of needs | Content validity—experts |
| Jacono et al., 1990 | Canada | 79 (49 relatives, 30 nurses) | + (% ND) | - | Infants and adults | NICU and ICU | 30 | Importance of needs | - |
| Leske, 1991 | USA | 677 | 156 (23%) | - | Adult (87%) Pediatric (13%) | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs | Factor analysis yields 5 domains; Interitem correlations 0.3–0.55; Item—total correlations 0.15–0.6; ICR α = 0.92 for total scale; ICR α = 0.61-0.88 for the 5 domains |
| Rukholm et al., 1992 | Canada | 95 | - | - | Adult | Cardiac ICU | 47 | Importance of needs | Split half reliability 0.92 (Spearman-Brown), 0.93 (Guttman); ICR α = 0.93 |
| Farrell et al., 1992 | England | 27 | 27 (100%) | - | Pediatric | Cardiac PICU | 32 | Importance of needs | Content validity—experts |
| Fisher, 1994 | USA | 30 | 30 (100%) | - | Pediatric | PICU | 59 | Importance of needs | Content validity—experts; ICR α = 0.89 |
| Daly et al., 1994 | USA | 60 | - | - | Adult | Surgical ICU | 45 | Importance of needs; needs met (y/n) | - |
| Blackmore, 1996 | England | 14 | 1 (7%) | - | Adult | Cardiac ICU | 45 | Importance of needs; needs met (y/n); met by whom | Content validity—experts |
| Quinn et al., 1996 (Parts 1 & 2) | Ireland | 606 (255 relatives, 351 nurses) | + (% ND) | - | Adult | ICU | 30 | Importance of needs; needs met (satisfaction); met by whom | - |
| Zarpe et al., 1997 | Spain | 85 | 8 (9%) | - | Adult | ICU | 34 | Identified needs; needs met (satisfaction) | - |
| Scott, 1998 | USA | 38 (21 parents, 17 nurses) | 21 (100%) | - | Pediatric | PICU | 53 | Importance of needs | ICR α = 0.94 (parents) ICR α = 0.93 (nurses) |
| Tin et al., 1999 | Hong Kong | 88 (52 relatives, 36 nurses) | 4 (8%) | - | Adult | Neuro-surgical ICU | 45 | Importance of needs; needs met (y/n); met by whom | Chinese version; Test-retest reliability 0.8622 (family), 0.7983 (nurses) |
| Leung et al., 2000 | Hong Kong | 82 (37 relatives, 45 nurses) | - | - | Adult | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs | Chinese version; ICR α = 0.84 for total scale; ICR α = 0.65-0.82 for the 5 domains |
| Ward, 2001 | USA | 52 | 52 (100%) | - | Infants | NICU | 56 | Importance of needs | Content validity—experts; ICR α = 0.91 |
| Bijttebier et al., 2000, 2001 | Belgium | 381 (200 relatives, 181 ICU staff) | 37 (19%) | - | Adult (% ND) Pediatric (% ND) | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs | Dutch version; Factor analysis yields 5 domains; ICR α = 0.62–0.80 for the 5 domains |
| Delva et al., 2002 | Belgium | 200 | 37 (19%) | - | Adult (% ND) Pediatric (%ND) | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs | Dutch version; Same data as Bijttebier et al., 2000; same validity and reliability reported |
| Lee et al., 2003 | Hong Kong | 40 | - | - | Adult | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs; needs met (y/n); met by whom | - |
| Redley et al., 2003, 2004 | Australia | 61 | 8 (13%) | 6 (10%) | Adult | ED | 40 | Importance of needs; needs met (satisfaction) | Content validity—experts; interrater reliability for suitability of items = 0.9; ICR α = 0.9 |
| Chien et al., 2005 | Hong Kong | 290 | 55 (19%) | - | Adult | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs | Chinese version; Content validity—experts; Factor analysis yields 5 domains; Contrasted groups; Correlations with other scales; ICR α = 0.9 for total scale; ICR α = 0.8-0.92 for the 5 domains |
| Freitas et al., 2007 | Brazil | 91 | - | - | Adult | ICU | 43 | Importance of needs; needs met (satisfaction) | Portuguese version; ICR α = 0.79 for total scale; α = 0.27–0.62 for the 5 domains; Satisfaction scale ICR α = 0.86 for total scale |
| Needs Met Inventory (NMI) with or without the CCFNI | |||||||||
| Warren, 1993 | USA | 94 | + (% ND) | - | Adult | ICU & cardiac ICU | 45 | Importance of needs; needs met (frequency) | - |
| Mendonca et al., 1998 | USA | 52 | 6 (12%) | - | Adult | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs; needs met (frequency) | - |
| Kosco et al., 2000 | USA | 90 (45 relatives, 45 nurses) | 4 (8%) | - | Adult | ICU | 45 | Importance of needs; needs met (frequency) | - |
| Browning et al., 2006 | USA | 30 | - | - | Adult | ICU | 45 | Needs met (frequency) | - |
| Maxwell et al., 2007 | USA | 50 (20 relatives, 30 nurses) | - | - | Adult | ICU | 30 | Importance of needs; needs met (frequency) | ICR α = 0.93 |
| Omari, 2009 | Jordan | 139 | + (% ND) | - | Adult | ICU | 44 | Importance of needs; needs met (frequency) | Arabic version; CCFNI ICR α = 0.88 for total scale; ICR α = 0.6-0.83 for the 5 domains; NMI ICR α = 0.92 for total scale; ICR α = 0.68-0.82 for the 5 domains |
| Sturdivant et al., 2009 | USA | 20 | 14 (70%) | - | Pediatric | PICU | 45 | Needs met (frequency) | - |
| Society of Critical Care Medicine Family Needs Assessment (SCCM-FNA) | |||||||||
| Johnson et al., 1998 | Canada | 115 | 18 (16%) | + (% ND) | Adult | ICU | 14 | Needs met (satisfaction) | Factor analysis yields 4 domains; ICR α = 0.76 for total scale |
| Azoulay et al., 2001 | France | 895 | 210 (23%) | + (% ND) | Adult (84%) Pediatric (16%) | ICU & PICU | 14 | Needs met (satisfaction) | - |
| Azoulay et al., 2003 | France | 3298 (544 relatives, 2754 ICU staff) | 103 (19%) | + (% ND) | Adult | ICU | 14 | Needs met (satisfaction) | - |
| Auerbach et al., 2005 | USA | 40 | - | - | Adult | Surgical ICU | 14 | Needs met (satisfaction) | Satisfaction scale ICR α = 0.9 for admission data, α = 0.9 for discharge data |
| Damghi et al., 2008 | Morocco | 194 | 20 (10%) | - | Adult | ICU | 14 | Needs met (satisfaction) | Arabic version; ICR α = 0.74 for total scale |
| Unnamed tool | |||||||||
| Punthmatharith et al., 2007 | Thailand | 420 | 420 (100%) | - | Infants | NICU | 75 | Importance of need; need response; satisfaction with response | Content validity—experts; ICR α = 0.92 for importance of needs, α = 0.97 for need response, α = 0.97 for satisfaction with response |
a
Total sample size (all are family members unless otherwise specified).
b
Number and percentage of parents in family sample.
c
Number and percentage of bereaved in family sample.
+, factor present; −, factor not present or not described.
ND, not described; ICR, internal consistency reliability; α, Cronbach's α PICU, pediatric intensive care; NICU, neonatal intensive care.