Table 4.
Mutually-Adjusted Prevalence Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) For the Associations between Community Health Service Use and Socio-Demographic and Health Characteristics by Study Site
| Model 1 * | Model 2† | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site | Age (per 5 year band) | Male Gender | Education (per level) | Currently Married | Living with children | Assets |
Health insurance |
ICD-10 Depression |
Dementia | Physical impairment | Mobility restriction |
| Cuba | 0.97 (0.94-1.01) |
0.93 (0.86-1.01) |
1.06 (1.02-1.10) |
1.09 (1.00-1.18) |
1.05 (0.98-1.13) |
0.91 (0.84-0.98) |
Not applicable | 1.11 (0.96-1.28) |
0.87 (0.76-0.98) |
1.23 (1.16-1.30) |
0.83 (0.74-0.92) |
|
Dominican Republic |
1.00 (0.96-1.04) |
0.96 (0.87-1.07) |
1.03 (0.98-1.08) |
1.00 (0.90-1.12) |
0.98 (0.89-1.07) |
1.11 (1.01-1.22) |
1.19 (1.07-1.32) |
1.03 (0.91-1.17) |
0.97 (0.83-1.12) |
1.32 (1.23-1.41) |
0.94 (0.84-1.05) |
| Puerto Rico | 0.99 (0.97-1.01) |
0.95 (0.91-1.00) |
0.99 (0.98-1.01) |
1.01 (0.96-1.06) |
1.00 (0.95-1.04) |
1.09 (1.03-1.15) |
1.42 (1.19-1.71) |
1.11 (1.04-1.18) |
0.95 (0.89-1.02) |
1.10 (1.07-1.14) |
1.04 (0.99-1.09) |
| Peru urban | 0.97 (0.92-1.02) |
1.00 (0.89-1.11) |
1.05 (0.99-1.12) |
0.95 (0.85-1.07) |
0.94 (0.84-1.05) |
1.28 (1.14-1.44) |
1.69 (1.39-2.05) |
1.26 (1.07-1.48) |
0.89 (0.72-1.09) |
1.38 (1.07-1.48) |
1.21 (1.03-1.41) |
| Peru rural | 1.03 (0.91-1.16) |
0.93 (0.70-1.22) |
0.98 (0.85-1.13) |
1.07 (0.80-1.43) |
1.33 (0.99-1.80) |
1.04 (0.78-1.38) |
1.20 (0.87-1.65) |
1.64 (1.09-2.47) |
1.12 (0.72-1.75) |
1.53 (1.25-1.87) |
1.38 (0.97-1.96) |
| Venezuela | 1.02 (0.99-1.06) |
0.88 (0.81-0.96) |
1.00 (0.96-1.04) |
0.99 (0.91-1.07) |
0.96 (0.89-1.04) |
1.06 (0.98-1.14) |
1.11 (1.04-1.19) |
1.14 (1.03-1.27) |
0.86 (0.73-1.00) |
1.19 (1.14-1.25) |
0.98 (0.89-1.09) |
| Mexico urban | 1.04 (1.00-1.08) |
0.89 (0.82-0.98) |
1.02 (0.99-1.06) |
1.06 (0.97-1.15) |
1.03 (0.95-1.11) |
0.95 (0.87-1.03) |
1.19 (1.10-1.29) |
1.03 (0.89-1.20) |
0.92 (0.80-1.06) |
1.12 (1.06-1.17) |
1.10 (0.89-1.13) |
| Mexico rural | 0.97 (0.93-1.02) |
0.87 (0.79-0.96) |
1.02 (0.96-1.08) |
0.96 (0.87-1.05) |
1.03 (0.94-1.13) |
1.02 (0.92-1.12) |
1.22 (1.12-1.34) |
1.01 (0.82-1.25) |
0.93 (0.78-1.12) |
1.07 (1.01-1.14) |
1.01 (0.89-1.09) |
| China urban | 0.98 (0.91-1.05) |
0.93 (0.80-1.08) |
1.04 (0.98-1.10) |
0.98 (0.84-1.16) |
1.08 (0.94-1.24) |
1.34 (1.16-1.55) |
2.02 (1.36-3.00) |
0.70 (0.16-3.00) |
0.93 (0.72-1.20) |
1.88 (1.70-2.08) |
0.90 (0.72-1.14) |
| China rural | 0.79 (0.60-1.03) |
1.03 (0.62-1.73) |
0.86 (0.64-1.16) |
1.00 (0.60-1.65) |
1.22 (0.66-2.25) |
0.57 (0.32-1.03) |
1.63 (0.84-3.16) |
Too few exposed | 1.62 (0.72-3.68) |
3.02 (2.19-4.17) |
2.44 (1.08-5.46) |
| India urban | 1.00 (0.95-1.05) |
0.86 (0.76-0.96) |
1.02 (0.98-1.07) |
1.46 (1.29-1.67) |
1.14 (1.00-1.30) |
1.44 (1.28-1.62) |
1.02 (0.70-1.50) |
1.20 (0.97-1.49) |
0.93 (0.74-1.16) |
1.51 (1.39-1.63) |
1.15 (1.02-1.29) |
| India rural | 0.95 (0.90-0.99) |
1.04 (0.92-1.17) |
1.03 (0.97-1.09) |
1.00 (0.89-1.12) |
0.97 (0.89-1.07) |
0.93 (0.84-1.02) |
Too few exposed | 1.57 (1.47-1.67) |
0.93 (0.82-1.07) |
1.19 (1.13-1.26) |
0.95 (0.85-1.07) |
| Nigeria | 0.99 (0.91-1.08) |
1.04 (0.84-1.29) |
1.14 (1.06-1.24) |
0.89 (0.72-1.11) |
Not assessed | Not assessed | Too few exposed | 2.32 (1.56-3.34) |
1.16 (0.88-1.53) |
2.00 (1.70-2.36) |
0.94 (0.66-1.33) |
| Meta-analytical pooled effect | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) |
0.93 (0.91-0.96) |
1.03 † (1.01-1.05) |
1.03 † (0.98-1.09) |
1.01 (0.99-1.04) |
1.08 † (1.00-1.17) |
1.27 † (1.16-1.38) |
1.21† (1.07-1.38) |
0.93 (0.90-0.97) |
1.37 † (1.26-1.49) |
1.02 † (0.96-1.09) |
|
Cochrane Q [df] (p value) |
18.1 [12] (0.11) |
13.4 [12] (0.34) |
27.9 [12] (0.006) |
38.5 [12] (< 0.001) |
13.9 [11] (0.24) |
81.4 [11] (< 0.001) |
28.8 [9] (0.001) |
100.0 [11] (< 0.001) |
7.8 [12] (0.80) |
244.0 [12] (< 0.001) |
38.3 [12] (< 0.001) |
| I2 Higgins, % (95% CI) | 45 (0 - 73) | 11 (0-51) | 0 (0-60) | 72 (49-85) | 26 (0-64) | 88 (80-92) | 60 (23-80) | 88 (0-93) | 0 (0-60) | 94 (91-96) | 73 (51-85) |
*All estimates mutually adjusted for all other variables in model 1
† Adjusted for all variables in model 1
† Random effects pooled meta-analysis