TABLE 2.

School-level characteristics and protective factor scores

	All Schools N = 158	Schools Exposed to Playworks N = 94	Unexposed Schools N = 64
		mean ± SD
Cumulative exposure to Sport4Kids (years)*	2.2 ± 2.4 [0, 9]	3.6 ± 2.1 [1, 9]	0 ± 0
Years of CHKS data	2.3 ± 1.1 [1, 5]	2.2 ± 1.0 [1, 5]	2.4 ± 1.1 [1, 5]
Baseline School Characteristics
Students/school	457 ± 196	473 ± 209	435 ± 177
% Eligible for free/reduced-price meals	73% ± 17.3%	73% ± 19.2%	73% ± 14.2%
% Latino	37% ± 24%	37% ± 24.4%	37% ± 23.4%
% African American*	28 ± 22.0%	32% ± 23.0%	24% ± 19.3%
% Asian	17% ± 22%	15% ± 16.4%	20% ± 23.4%
% Caucasian	10% ± 12%	10% ± 14.1%	10% ± 8%
Initial CHKS Scores**
Safety and Violence
Perceived safety*	2.9 ± 0.2	2.9 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.2
Victimization/harassment	3.2 ± 0.2	3.2 ± 0.2	3.2 ± 0.2
Weapons at school*	1.9 ± 0.1	1.9 ± 0.1	1.9 ± 0.1
Physical Activity
Exercise (0–6 scale)	4.5 ± 0.4	4.5 ± 0.4	4.5 ± 0.5
External Assets
School connectedness	3.1 ± 0.2	3.1 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.2
Caring adults	3.3 ± 0.2	3.3 ± 0.2	3.3 ± 0.2
High expectations	3.3 ± 0.2	3.3 ± 0.2	3.3 ± 0.2
Meaningful participation	2.5 ± 0.2	2.5 ± 0.2	2.5 ± 0.2
Pro-social peers	3.1 ± 0.2	3.1 ± 0.2	3.1 ± 0.2
Internal Assets
Empathy	3.0 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.2
Problem solving	3.0 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.2
Goals	3.4 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.1

^*Difference between Playworks and control school significant (p<0.05) in t-test

^**Initial scores reflect CHKS data from each school’s earliest year available.

All measures except Weapons (1–2 scale) and Exercise (0–6 scale) are on 1–4 scales. For each measure of Internal and External Assets, a score >3 reflects high assets, 2 to 3 reflects moderate assets, and scores <2 reflect low assets.²⁶