Table 2.
Viral transcription, replication, and lytic/latent regulation.
| Viral protein | Virus | Ubiquitin function modified | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| EBNA1 | Herpes: EBV | Interaction with cellular DUB USP7 enhances EBNA1 binding to oriP and induces ubiquitination of histones | Sarkari et al. (2009) |
| Tat | Retro: HIV-1 | Tat ubiquitination by Hdm2 enhances LTR activation | Bres et al. (2003) |
| Tax | Retro: HTLV-1 | Tax ubiquitination is important for NF-κB activation | Nasr et al. (2006), Harhaj et al. (2007) |
| Unknown | Herpes: HCMV | Early and late viral transcription is sensitive to proteasome inhibitors | Tran et al. (2010) |
| Unknown | Pox: vaccinia, ectromelia and cowpox | Viral replication inhibited by proteasome inhibitors and ts E1 mutant | Satheshkumar et al. (2009), Teale et al. (2009) |
| Unknown | Paramyxo: HRSV | Viral replication inhibited by proteasome inhibitors | Lupfer and Pastey (2010) |
| Unknown | Hepadna: hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Viral replication inhibited by proteasome inhibitors | Bandi et al. (2010) |
| Unknown | Picorna: coxsackie | Viral replication inhibited by proteasome inhibitors and Ub knockdown | Wong et al. (2007) |
| E4orf6/E1B55k | Adeno: Ad5 | Forms complex with Cul5, which is necessary for viral mRNA transport from nucleus | Blanchette et al. (2008) |
| Integrase | Retro: HIV-1 | Interacts with cellular DNA repair protein Ku70, which prevents its own proteasomal degradation, thus enhancing viral replication | Zheng et al. (2011) |
| RTA | Herpes: KSHV | E3 Ub ligase activity degrades repressors, K-RBP, and Hey1 leading to lytic viral replication | Yang et al. (2008), Gould et al. (2009) |
| ORF64 | Identified as viral DUB. May be involved in lytic reactivation | Gonzalez et al. (2009) | |
| ORF64 | Herpes: MHV68 | Identified as viral DUB. Virus with mutated DUB cleared faster in vivo | Gredmark-Russ et al. (2009) |
| ORF73 | Associates with ElonginC/Cul5/SOCS-like complex to ubiquitinate and degrade RelA/NF-κB, which may facilitate viral persistence | Rodrigues et al. (2009) | |
| LMP2A | Herpes: EBV | Ubiquitinated and degraded by c-Cbl E3 Ub ligase, thereby preventing lytic replication and promoting latency | Ikeda and Longnecker (2009) |
| LMP1 | Regulates lytic replication by inducing the cellular DUB A20, which inactivates IRF7 via deubiquitination | Ning and Pagano (2010) |