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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Integr Biol (Camb). 2010 Aug 20;2(9):435–442. doi: 10.1039/c0ib00034e

Fig. 1. Ultra-rapid integrin-mediated mechanochemical conversion.

Fig. 1

(A) Localized calcium increases induced by applying four 500 msec force pulses (arrows) of increasing magnitude (100, 450, 850 and 200pN, from left to right) while taking Fluo-4 measurements every 70 msec (F/Fo = ratio of normalized fluorescence intensity relative to time 0). (B) Calcium increases induced by force application through microbeads coated with RGD in the presence or absence of gadolinium chloride (Gd3+, 25 μM), AcLDL or HDL. (C) Phase contrast (left) and pseudocolored ratiometric fluorescence images at indicated times following application of the 4th force pulse shown in a (arrowheads indicate bead position). (D) Displacement of surface-bound beads coated with RGD (in the absence and presence of cytochalasin D (CytoD, 2 μg/mL) or AcLDL in response to 2000 pN force (*, p < 0.05 relative to RGD bead).