. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Soc Forces. 2011 Mar;89(3):879–904. doi: 10.1353/sof.2011.0025

Table 4.

Hierarchical Linear Modeling Estimates of Between-School Inequality Effects on Quantitative Literacy Gaps by Educational Attainment

	Country's degree of between-school inequality in:

	Instructional Resources^a	Class Size^a	Teachers' Experience^a	Teachers' Certification^b	Amount of Curriculum Taught^c
Student-Level Equation (effects of other student-level variables are not shown)
Intercept	254.201 (3.338)^***	255.683 (5.093)^***	255.823 (4.254)^***	260.496 (4.080)^***	255.777 (4.663)^***
College	57.259 (2.984)^***	56.463 (3.083)^***	56.267 (2.718)^***	52.774 (2.878)^***	56.243 (2.951)^***
High school	35.137 (2.039)^***	34.680 (2.521)^***	34.539 (2.222)^***	32.386 (2.554)^***	34.573 (2.389)^***
Country-Level Equation
Effects on the Intercept
Instructional resources	−20.893 (7.146)^*
Class size		−1.898 (1.425)
Teachers' experience			−7.687 (2.969)^*
Teachers' certification				−15.202 (2.037)^***
Amount of curriculum					−24.030 (13.718)^{^}
Odds ratio of receiving training (< high school vs. high school or higher)	12.190 (4.421)^*	17.442 (4.411)^**	16.094 (3.986)^**	12.512 (3.363)^**	15.550 (3.902)^**
Effects on the Slope of College
Instructional resources	10.428 (4.604)^*
Class size		2.806 (1.122)^*
Teachers' experience			5.293 (1.872)^*
Teachers' certification				7.689 (1.517)^***
Amount of curriculum					16.893 (8.541)^{^}
Odds ratio of receiving training (< high school vs. high school or higher)	−7.144 (3.132)^*	−9.864 (3.138)^**	−9.249 (2.938)^**	−6.790 (2.474)^*	−8.830 (2.886)^**
Effects on the Slope of High School
Instructional resources	10.820 (2.623)^**
Class size		0.787 (1.335)
Teachers' experience			3.635 (1.397)^*
Teachers' certification				5.350 (0.923)^***
Amount of curriculum					11.385 (6.051)^{^}
Odds ratio of receiving training (< high school vs. high school or higher)	−3.579 (2.158)	−6.640 (1.936)^**	−6.028 (2.059)^*	−4.679 (1.784)^*	−5.730 (1.791)^**
Variance Components
Intercept	370.0	607.1	402.8	322.7	495.1
% of Variance explained	63	38	59	67	50
College	188.1	222.4	134.5	128.2	180.0
% of Variance explained	46	38	62	58	50
High School	64.3	128.6	83.9	99.9	105.3
% of Variance explained	64	26	52	42	40

Note: Denmark is excluded from the analysis of instructional resources. Three countries – Canada, Hungary and Slovenia – are excluded from the analysis of teachers’ certification. Values in parentheses are robust standard errors.

The coefficient indicates change in the dependent variable per .01 unit change in the Theil index.

The coefficient indicates change in the dependent variable per .1 unit change in the Theil index.

This is a dichotomous variable that distinguishes Chile, Great Britain, Hungary, New Zealand and the United States from the rest of the countries.

^{^}

p < .10

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001 (two-tailed tests)