Table 2.

Mean T Scores on PAI Clinical Scales (by subscale) and Validity Scales

Scale	Subscale	Total	(SD)	W	(SD)	A A	(SD)	F	da
Somatic Complaints		53.19	11.56	54.40	12.57	52.20	10.59	2.01ns
	Conversion	54.68	13.45	55.73	13.75	53.84	13.17	0.41ns
	Somatization	53.03	11.09	54.17	12.29	52.11	9.94	2.67ns
	Health Concerns	50.85	10.37	51.88	11.44	50.01	9.36	2.32ns
Anxiety		55.28	11.62	56.95	13.29	53.93	9.91	7.73**	.26
	Cognitive	56.62	11.95	57.73	12.69	55.72	11.27	3.10ns
	Affective	53.62	11.21	55.36	13.03	52.21	9.28	10.02**	.28
	Physiological	53.76	10.43	55.53	13.61	52.33	10.43	7.07**	.26
Anxiety- Rel. Disorders		58.30	12.78	57.34	13.07	59.07	12.52	1.14ns
	Obsess-Compuls.	54.10	10.76	52.34	11.04	55.53	10.33	9.39**	−.30
	Phobias	49.24	10.79	48.70	10.91	49.69	10.70	0.43ns
	Traumatic Stress	63.61	15.44	63.79	15.98	63.46	15.01	0.35ns
Depression		57.70	13.00	60.64	14.05	55.32	11.57	17.43***	.41
	Cognitive	56.34	13.45	59.69	14.10	53.63	12.28	23.20***	.46
	Affective	57.47	12.96	59.90	14.17	55.50	11.55	11.12***	.34
	Physiological	55.57	11.40	57.36	11.93	54.13	10.76	7.68**
Mania		58.79	11.84	54.98	11.01	61.88	11.62	37.99***	−.61
	Grandiosity	59.96	12.19	54.27	11.19	64.57	10.99	89.43***	−.93
	Activity Level	56.04	12.41	55.45	12.00	56.52	12.75	0.91ns
	Irritability	54.45	12.12	52.56	11.85	55.97	12.15	7.94**	−.28
Paranoia		59.33	11.40	57.20	12.06	61.05	10.55	5.60*	−.34
	Hypervigilance	59.06	11.81	56.89	12.57	60.82	10.88	6.00*	−.33
	Persecution	60.18	13.16	56.68	12.23	63.01	13.23	16.69***	−.50
	Resentment	54.42	10.40	54.62	10.77	54.27	10.11	1.42ns
Schizophrenia		55.43	13.46	54.72	13.61	56.00	13.34	0.66ns
	Psychotic Exper	52.90	11.94	51.39	11.06	54.13	12.49	5.00*	−.23
	Social Detachment	53.20	11.66	52.62	12.41	53.66	11.02	0.34ns
	Thought Disorder	56.22	13.94	56.54	14.43	55.96	13.56	0.12ns
Borderline Features		63.67	13.13	65.19	14.08	62.44	12.20	4.85*	.21
	Affective.Instab.	55.04	12.14	56.58	12.51	53.79	11.72	5.55*	.23
	Identity Problems	61.26	12.53	62.70	13.14	60.10	11.92	4.59*	.21
	Negative Relations.	64.10	12.17	63.24	12.90	64.81	11.53	1.14ns
	Self-harm (Impuls.)	64.22	15.21	67.34	16.10	61.68	13.96	14.43***	.38
Antisocial Features			64.25	11.96	64.85	12.37	63.77	11.62	0.87ns
	Antisoc. Behavior	68.90	10.23	69.52	10.70	68.39	9.83	1.15ns
	Egocentricity	55.13	12.36	53.40	11.50	56.54	12.87	4.25*	−.26
	Stimulus Seeking	58.53	12.93	60.69	13.44	56.77	12.26	7.69**	.30
Alcohol Problems		59.92	17.69	61.91	19.63	58.31	15.82	6.61**	.20
Drug Problems		72.97	20.92	76.64	23.90	70.00	17.65	9.03**	.32
Pos. Impression Management		44.61	12.15	44.26	12.11	44.89	12.20	0.44ns
Neg. Impression Management		57.20	13.80	57.26	13.83	57.15	13.82	0.00ns
n		409		183		226

^aCohen’s d

^*p < .05,

^**p<.01,

^***p<.001, ns =non-significant

Note. Scales in boldface are of medium to large effect size (Cohen’s d) for mean differences