Table 2.
Etiology and risk factors in species in which gastric volvulus has been documented1,6,8-11,14-18,21-24,26,28,29,31
| Canines | Humans | Swine | Felines | Guinea pigs | ||
| Anatomic | ||||||
| Diaphragmatic abnormality | – | + | – | + | – | |
| Gastric ligament abnormality | – | + | – | – | – | |
| Thoracic depth:width | + | – | – | – | – | |
| Dietary | ||||||
| Composition | + | – | – | – | – | |
| Meal size | + | – | ± | – | – | |
| Eating frequency | + | – | ± | – | – | |
| Eating speed | ± | – | ± | – | ± | |
| Physiologic | ||||||
| Stress | + | – | ± | – | ± | |
| Breeding | – | – | – | – | + | |
| Sex | – | + | – | – | + | |
| Gastric motility disorder | – | – | – | – | ± | |
| Age | + | – | – | – | – | |
| Malnourishment | + | – | – | – | – | |
+ Confirmed or well-documented etiology or risk factor; ±, suspected etiology or risk factor, −, not associated as etiology or risk factor