Table 1.

Common viral transgenic mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma

Viral protein	Promoter/mouse strain	Phenotype	References
HBV large envelope protein	Albumin/C57BL/6	Inflammation, regenerative hyperplasia, transcriptional deregulation, aneuploidy, HCC in 72% male and 31% female, 72% of male HCC occurred at 16–21 months	Chisari et al., 1989
HBV X protein	HBV X promoter/CD1	No obvious cell death or regeneration, DNA synthesis induced, HCC in 84% at mean age of 16.7 months	Koike et al., 1994
HBV X protein	HBV X promoter/C57BL/6	No inflammation, no cirrhotic change, HCC in 64% at 11–18 months	Yu et al., 1999
Core	HBV/C57BL/6	Steatosis, oxidative stress, HCC in 25.9–38% at 16–19 months	Moriya et al., 1998, 2001; Tanaka et al., 2008a,b
Core-E1–E2	Albumin/C57BL/6	Steatosis, HCC in 2.3% at age > 13 months	Lerat et al., 2002
Polyprotein	Albumin/C57BL/6	Steatosis, HCC in 13.2% at age > 13 months	Lerat et al., 2002
Core-E1–E2	Albumin/FVB × C57BL/6	Anti-apoptotic, DEN treated: 100% HCC at 32 weeks; HCV core-E1–E2 with largest tumors	Kamegaya et al., 2005
Core-E1–E2	CMV/C57BL/6	Steatosis, HCC in 3.7% after 1 year of age	Naas et al., 2005

Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBV X, hepatitis B virus X; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; DEN, diethylnitrosamine.