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Protamine sulfate activates signaling through the calcineurin pathway. (A) Western blots show treatment with 600 μg/ml PS reduces the amount of full-length (110 kD) Synpo present in glomerular lysates. Pretreatment with 10 μM E64 prevents this reduction in full-length Synpo. (B and C) Pretreatment with 24 μg/ml FK506 (B) or 50 μg/ml cyclosporine A (C) reduces PS-mediated glomerular injury. (D) Treatment with 10 μM CatL inhibitor E64 partially blocks albumin release upon PS treatment.
