Table 1.

Patient descriptive characteristics.

Variable	All	Low VVC	Optimal VVC	High VVC
	n = 47	n = 21	n = 16	n = 10
Age, yrs	58 ± 2	59 ± 3	57 ± 3	58 ± 5
Male, %	72	57	88	80
BMI, kg/m2	31 ± 1	31 ± 1	33 ± 1	28 ± 2
Hypertension, %	81	90	81	60
SBP, mmHg	122 ± 2	125 ± 3	121 ± 5	118 ± 6
DBP, mmHg	66 ± 2	65 ± 3	70 ± 3	60 ± 4
MAP, mmHg	85 ± 2	85 ± 3	86 ± 3	79 ± 4
PP, mmHg	56 ± 2	59 ± 3	51 ± 4	57 ± 5
HR, bpm	68 ± 2	65 ± 3	70 ± 3	71 ± 5
Diabetes mellitus, %	34	29	44	30
Hyperlipidemia, %	83	81	94	70
Total cholesterol, mg/dl	167 ± 7	165 ± 12	179 ± 11	154 ± 15
LDL cholesterol, mg/dl	95 ± 6	92 ± 8	96 ± 12	97 ± 15
HDL cholesterol, mg/dl	35 ± 1	35 ± 3	35 ± 3	36 ± 2
Triglycerides, mg/dl	174 ± 24	188 ± 42	208 ± 45	102 ± 13
CAD, %	79	86	75	70
Current smoker, %	23	29	12	30
Family history CVD, %	47	57	38	40
Medications, %
Aspirin	23	29	6	40
Statin	25	33	6	40
Anti-hypertensive agent	52	57	44	50
Ejection Fraction, %	58 ± 2	73 ± 2	53 ± 2‡	34 ± 2‡ †
Fractional Shortening, %	32 ± 2	43 ± 2	28 ± 1‡	16 ± 1‡ †
Stroke Work Index	49 ± 3	62 ± 3	46 ± 3‡	26 ± 2‡ †

^†Significantly different from optimal (p<0.05).

^‡Significantly different from low (p<0.05).