Figure 4. The inhibitory effect of rVP1 on cell migration and invasion is mediated by CCL2.

(A) rVP1 inhibits BNL cell migration and invasion in a dose-dependent manner as measured by Boyden chamber assay. (B) rVP1 dose-dependently reduces CCL2 but not IL-6 production by BNL cells. Cells were treated with rVP1 diluted in DMEM with 10% FBS as indicated. After incubation for 48 h, supernatants were collected and the level of CCL2 was measured by ELISA. Values were normalized to viable-cell numbers determined by MTT assay. (C) RmCCL2 attenuates the anti-metastatic and anti-invasive effect of rVP1. BNL and Hepa1-6 cells were treated with or without 0.05 µM rVP1 and 5 µg/mL rmCCL2 for 24 h.