Table 1. Default parameter values¹.

Parameter	Description	Default value
Δt	Integration time step	5 ms
Δu	Reaction time	50 ms [43]
v0	Cruise speed	10 m/s [31]
M	Mass	0.08 kg [31]
CL/CD	Lift-drag coefficient	3.3 [31]
Lo	Default lift	0.78 N (Equ. 15)
D0,T0	Default drag, default thrust	0.24 N (Equ. 15)
wβin	Banking control	10 (starling videos)
wβout	Banking control	1 (starling videos)
Τ	Speed control	1 s
Rmax	Max. perception radius	100 m
nc	Topological range	6.5 [4]
S	Interpolation factor	0.1 Δu
rh	Radius of max. separation (“hard sphere”)	0.2 m [4]
rsep	Separation radius	4 m [after 4])
Σ	Parameter of the Gaussian g(x)	1.37 m [after4])
ws	Weighting factor separation force	1 N
	Rear “blind angle” cohesion & alignment	2*45°
wa	Weighting factor alignment force	0.5 N
wc	Weighting factor cohesion force	1 N
Cc	Critical centrality below which an individual is assumed to be in the interior of a flock.	0.35
wξ	Weighting factor random force	0.01 N
RRoost	Boundary radius	150 m [7]
wRoostH	Weighting factor horizontal boundary force	0.01 N/m (starling videos)
wRoostV	Weighting factor vertical boundary force	0.2 N [7]

¹Note that D₀ and T₀ are calculated by equation 16 by inserting v₀ for v_i. For more details on parametrization, see our previous study 26. Hildenbrandt H, Carere C, Hemelrijk CK (2010) Self-organized aerial displays of thousands of starlings: a model. Behavioral Ecology 21: 1349–1359 doi:1310.1093/beheco/arq1149.