TABLE 1.
Physical Growth
| Study/Cohort | Subjects | Outcome Measures | Age, y | Substance Exposures | Selection/Matching | Control | PCE Effect | Other Effects/Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covington et al7 (2002), cohort 1 | 231 POLY, 309 CON | Weight, height | 7 | C, A, T | Low income, urban, black, GA > 38 wk | Child: T, BW, BL, nonmaternal care, blood lead level; caregiver: age, height, weight, SES, substance use, marital status, psychopathology, social support | Weight: none; height: PCE shorter | Associations stronger for caregiver > 30 y old; alcohol exposure contributed to lower weight |
| Arendt et al8 (2004), cohort 2 | 101 POLY, 130 CON | Weight, height, HC | 7 | C, A, M, T | Low income, urban, black, GA > 37 wk | Child: A, M, T, race, nonmaternal care; caregiver: age, IQ, SES, parity, psychopathology, home environment | None | Groups differed on numerous prenatal and environmental variables |
| Kilbride et al9 (2006), cohort 3 | 39 POLY, 12 CON | Weight, height | 7 | C, A, T | Low income, urban, black | Child: A, T | None | RCT, early intervention; high attrition rate; limited power |
| Minnes et al10 (2006), cohort 4 | 154 POLY, 131 CON | Weight, height, morphology, neuromotor functioning | 6–7 | C, A, M, T | Low income, urban, black, GA > 37 wk | Child: A, M, T, race, nonmaternal care; caregiver: age, IQ, SES, parity, psychopathology, home environment | Height: PCE dose associated with shorter stature; weight: PCE dose associated with lower weight-for- height scores | No morphology or neuromotor findings |
| Lumeng et al11 (2007), cohort 5 | 112 POLY, 90 CON | Weight, height, HC | 6–7 | C, A, M, T | Low income, urban, black, GA > 36 wk | Child: A, M, T gender, race, GA, nonmaternal care, blood lead level, anemia; caregiver: age, height, weight | None | No PCE dose associations reported |
| Richardson et al12 (2007), cohort 6 | 99 POLY, 125 CON | Weight, height, HC | 7, 10 | C, A, M, T | Low income, urban, 50% black, 50% white, GA > 34 wk | Child: A, M, T gender, race, age, nonmaternal care; caregiver: age, height, SES, education, marital status, depression, home environment | Height: children with PCE shorter at 7 and 10 y; weight: children with PCE lighter at 7 and 10 y; HC: children with PCE smaller HC at 7 and 10 y | Children with PCE were 0.75 in shorter, 10 lb lighter than CON children at age 10 y; age and gender moderated effects |
POLY indicates exposure to multiple drugs; CON, nonexposed controls; C, cocaine exposure; A, alcohol exposure; T, tobacco exposure; GA, gestational age; BW, birth weight; BL, birth length; HC, head circumference; M, marijuana exposure; RCT, randomized control trial.