Table 2.

Effects of Acute Tobacco Abstinence on Subjective Measures (Time 1)

Variable (range)	Non-Abstinent			Abstinent			Abstinence-Induced Changeb
	M	SD	αa	M	SD	αa	M	SD	αa	d
Withdrawal
MNWS (0 – 5)
Total	0.74	0.64	.83	1.85	0.91	.82	1.12	0.94	.83	1.18†
Craving	2.26	1.28	-	4.06	1.12	-	1.80	1.50	-	1.20†
Irritable/angry	0.54	1.01	-	2.33	1.59	-	1.79	1.69	-	1.06†
Anxious/tense	0.76	1.10	-	2.41	1.56	-	1.65	1.68	-	0.98†
Concentration	0.59	1.00	-	1.71	1.57	-	1.12	1.63	-	0.69†
Restlessness	0.73	1.09	-	1.94	1.62	-	1.20	1.76	-	0.68†
Impatient	0.79	1.17	-	2.34	1.66	-	1.55	1.77	-	0.88†
Hunger	0.92	1.31	-	2.08	1.67	-	1.16	1.79	-	0.65†
Autonomicc	0.13	0.61	-	0.41	0.94	-	0.28	1.01	-	0.27†
Eating	0.57	1.05	-	1.71	1.70	-	1.14	1.63	-	0.70†
Drowsiness	0.45	0.97	-	0.71	1.23	-	0.26	1.37	-	0.19**
Headaches	0.19	0.66	-	0.53	1.10	-	0.34	1.04	-	0.33†
WSWS (0 – 4)
Total	1.27	0.63	.90	2.11	0.69	.90	0.84	0.74	.90	1.14†
Anger	0.89	1.03	.90	1.90	1.31	.91	1.00	1.38	.88	0.73†
Anxiety	1.20	0.87	.75	2.07	0.87	.65	0.87	1.00	.70	0.87†
Concentration	0.96	0.81	.76	1.72	1.03	.81	0.76	1.08	.78	0.71†
Craving	1.70	0.94	.83	3.16	0.88	.88	1.46	1.09	.84	1.34†
Hunger	1.53	0.88	.78	2.12	1.05	.85	0.60	1.07	.78	0.56†
Sadness	1.10	0.77	.70	1.53	0.74	.56	0.43	0.81	.58	0.53†
Craving
QSU (0 – 5)
Total	1.61	1.17	.94	3.40	1.03	.88	1.79	1.16	.91	1.54†
Factor 1	2.23	1.42	.93	4.34	0.91	.90	2.12	1.42	.92	1.49†
Factor 2	0.99	1.06	.90	2.45	1.40	.82	1.47	1.20	.83	1.22†
TCQ (1 – 7)
Total	3.19	1.34	.92	5.02	1.18	.86	1.84	1.38	.87	1.33†
Emotionality	2.54	1.60	.90	4.42	1.83	.83	1.89	1.84	.78	1.03†
Expectancy	4.05	1.68	.88	6.29	1.11	.81	2.25	1.78	.85	1.26†
Compulsivity	2.42	1.51	.77	3.91	1.82	.77	1.50	1.69	.69	0.89†
Purposefulness	3.74	1.52	.69	5.44	1.22	.54	1.71	1.66	.57	1.03†
Attentional Bias Towards Smoking
SBQ (0 – 4)	1.26	0.74	.89	2.47	0.98	.92	1.21	0.99	.87	1.22†
Affect
PANAS (1 – 5)
PA	3.11	0.92	.93	2.89	0.90	.91	−0.22	0.67	.79	−0.34†
NA	1.23	0.36	.84	1.76	0.59	.80	0.52	0.54	.73	0.97†
Hunger
HQ (1 – 10)	2.95	1.64	.86	4.00	1.99	.87	1.05	1.98	.82	0.53†

Note. Mean scores per item displayed. Only Time 1 assessments are shown. Due to missing data, sample sizes vary across analyses (Ns = 186 – 203).

^aCronbach’s alpha internal consistency estimate.

^bAbstinence-Induced Change = Abstinent – Non-Abstinent.

^cAssessed as any one of the following: tremor, heart racing, sweating or dizzy stomach or bowel problems. MNWS = Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (scale: 0–5); WSWS = Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (scale: 0–4); QSU = Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (scale: 0–5); TCQ = Tobacco Craving Questionnaire-Short Form (scale: 1–7); SBQ = Subjective Bias Questionnaire (scale: 0 – 4); SSQ = Subjective Stroop Questionnaire (scale: −4 – 4); PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Scale (scale: 1–5); HQ = Hunger Questionnaire (scale: 1–10); d = Cohen’s d effect size statistic.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^†p < .0001