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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 May 27.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2011 May 27;108(11):1392–1412. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.234138

Figure 3. Potential origins of cells that contribute to valvular calcification and fibrosis.

Figure 3

Possible origin of osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells in aortic valves in human and murine CAVS. Activated myofibroblasts are likely to come from either quiescent valvular interstitial cells (VICs) or from a sub-population of endothelial cells that undergo endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Osteoclast-like cells may originate from circulating monocytes. (Illustration Credit: Cosmocyte/Ben Smith).