Table 3.

The effect of exposure to predation risk on time allocated to vigilance after controlling for species-specific responses

Independent variable	Beta	p Value	Effect size
aModel		0.098	0.050
Species		0.151	0.118
Perch height in tree	0.016	0.121	0.018
bModel		<0.001	0.171
Species		0.146	0.119
Concealment	−0.075	<0.001	0.143
cModel		0.024	0.084
Species		0.104	0.128
Distance to forest edge	0.002	0.008	0.053

Beta values for continuous variables, p value, and effect size (adjusted R² values for the model and partial η ² values for independent variables) are provided

^aPerch height in tree

^bConcealment

^cDistance to the forest edge