Table 3.

Association between TB and HIV-1 viral load.

a) TB infection and HIV-1 plasma viral load
Study	Location	Period	Study design	Population	Follow-up	TB	Study Size	Mean difference (95% CI)	VL assay	TB diagnosis
Goletti28	3 sites in USA and Italy	no details	Cohort	HIV-1/TB co-infected patients	6–10 months	Active	2	1.01 (−0.07, 2.08)	bDNA	Culture positive for MTB
Hung29	Taiwan	1994-2002	Cross-sectional2	HIV infected individuals		Active	276	0.24 (0.08, 0.40)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB
Kizza30	Kampala, Uganda	2000–1	Cross-sectional2	HIV-1/TB-coinfected subjects		Active	40	0.70 (0.18, 1.22)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB
Lopez-Gatell31	USA	1984-2005	Cohort	HIV-1/TB-coinfected men	Median 5.4 years	Active	15	0.76 (0.39, 1.10)	RT-PCR	Culture, cytology, clinical or radiology confirmed
Manoff32	Baltimore, USA	1990–4	Nested case-control	HIV-1 infected subjects		Latent	6	−0.14 (−0.94, 0.66)	bDNA	TST >5mm
Mawa33	Entebbe, Uganda	2000	Nested case-control	HIV-1 infected subjects		Latent	29	−0.5 (−0.99, −0.01)	RT-PCR	TST >5mm
Toossi34	Kampala, Uganda	1993–5	Cross-sectional	HIV-1/TB coinfected subjects with CD4<500		Active	51	−0.04 (−0.36, 0.28)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB
			Cross-sectional	HIV-1/TB coinfected subjects with CD4>500		Active	23	1.30 (0.44, 2.16)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB
			Cohort	HIV-1 infected subjects who developed pulmonary TB	6 months	Active	10	0.43 (0.05, 0.81)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB
Whalen35	Kampala, Uganda	1993–4	Nested case-control	HIV infected individuals with and without tuberculosis		Active	40	−0.10 (−0.31, 0.11)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB

b) TB treatment and HIV-1 plasma viral loada
Study	Location	Period	Population	Therapy	Follow-upb	TB	Study Size	Mean difference (95% CI)	VL assay	TB diagnosis
Dean36	South-East UK	1996–9	HIV-1/TB co-infected patients	Multiple	12 months	Active	20	−0.94 (−1.78, −0.10)	Multiple	Culture positive for MTB
Goletti28	3 sites in US and Italy	no details	HIV-1/TB co-infected patients		3–10 months	Active	5	−0.80 (−1.37, −0.22)	bDNA	Culture positive for MTB
Kalou37	Abidjan, Ivory Coast	1995–8	HIV-1 infected patients with newly diagnosed TB	2HRZ/4HR	12 months	Active	44	0.64 (0.32, 0.96)	RT-PCR	2 positive sputum smears
Kizza30	Kampala, Uganda	2000–1	HIV-1/TB-coinfected subjects	2HRZE/4HR	6 months	Active	27	−0.20 (−0.30, −0.10)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB
Lawn38	Ghana	no details	HIV-1/TB coinfected subjects	2SHRZ/6HE	3 months	Active	20	−0.20 (−0.90, 0.50)	RT-PCR	At least 2 out of 3 positive sputum smears
Morris39	South Africa	1997–8	HIV-1/TB-coinfected subjects	2HRZE/4HR	6 months	Active	57	−0.07 (−0.40, 0.26)	RT-PCR	Sputum positive for AFB and radiology
Nikolaeva40	Ukraine	no details	HIV-1/TB-coinfected subjects	2HRZSE	2 months	Active	20	0.09 (−0.03, 0.22)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB, or positive sputum smear and radiology
Swaminathan41	Chennai, India	1999-2000	HIV/TB coinfected subjects	2EHRZ3/4RH3	6 months	Active	14	−0.15 (−1.03, 0.72)	RT-PCR	Sputum smear positive for AFB, or radiology/histopathology
Schon42	Gondor, Ethiopia	no details	HIV-1/TB-coinfected subjects	2HZES/6HE	2 months	Active	20	−0.09 (−0.38, 0.20)	RT-PCR	Sputum smear positive for AFB
Toossi43	Kampala, Uganda	no details	HIV-1/TB-coinfected subjects		6 months	Active	15	−0.08 (−0.26, 0.09)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB
Wallis44	Kampala, Uganda	up to 1995	HIV-1/TB-coninfected subjects	2HZER/6HR	12 months	Active	20	0.17 (−0.27, 0.61)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB
Whalen35	Kampala, Uganda	1993–4	HIV infected individuals with and without tuberculosis	2HRZE/6HR	12 months	Active	20	0.49 (0.02, 0.96)	RT-PCR	Culture positive for MTB

^aAll are cohort studies.

^bTime since diagnosis.

Details about these studies in column 1 (study column) can be found in SDC