Table 1. Characteristics of Participants at Baseline.
| Residential Treatment First (n= 121)a |
Independent Housing First (n= 570)b |
Test of Difference (df) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
|
| ||||
| Age | 44.8 (10.1) | 46.0 (9.2) | t(689)= 1.3 | .18 |
|
| ||||
| Gender- male (%) | 89 (73.6%) | 434 (76.1%) | X(2)2 = 1.1 | .57 |
|
| ||||
| Race- White | 50 (42.0%) | 206 (36.5%) | ||
| Black | 53 (44.5%) | 288 (51.0%) | X(3)2 = 1.8 | .62 |
| Asian/Indiana/Pacific Islander | 7 (20.0%) | 28 (5.0%) | ||
| Hispanic | 9 (17.3%) | 43 (7.6%) | ||
|
| ||||
| Education (years) | 12.0 (2.7) | 11.8 (2.6) | t(689)= -0.8 | .45 |
|
| ||||
| Marital status- not married (%) | 120 (99.2%) | 565 (99.1%) | X(1)2 < 0.0 | .96 |
|
| ||||
| Veteran (%) | 29 (24.0%) | 175 (30.7%) | X(1)2 = 2.2 | .14 |
|
| ||||
| Housingc | ||||
|
| ||||
| Days in own place | 3.5 (10.2) | 6.6 (17.8) | t(256.5)= 2.1* | .04 |
|
| ||||
| Days in transitional/residential treatment | 47.4 (33.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | t(220.7)= -13.4*** | <.00 |
|
| ||||
| Days housed elsewhered | 8.2 (18.0) | 13.3 (26.2) | t(207.4)= 2.1* | .04 |
|
| ||||
| Lifetime homelessness (years) | 7.5 (5.4) | 8.2 (6.6) | t(203.2)= 1.3 | .21 |
|
| ||||
| Past year homeless (%) | 97 (80.2%) | 496 (87.0%) | X(1)2 = 3.9 | .05 |
|
| ||||
| Homeless ≥ 4 times in past 3 years (%) | 100 (82.6%) | 380 (66.7%) | X(1)2 = 12.0** | <.00 |
|
| ||||
| Days homeless | 28.2 (33.8) | 65.5 (33.2) | t(402)= 9.3*** | <.00 |
|
| ||||
| Days hospitalized | 1.2 (4.4) | 2.2 (10.3) | t(402)= 0.9 | .36 |
|
| ||||
| Lifetime incarceration (years) | 3.1 (5.4) | 2.8 (5.4) | t(661)= -0.4 | .66 |
|
| ||||
| Days incarcerated | 1.2 (5.4) | 1.8 (10.3) | t(402)= 0.6 | .58 |
|
| ||||
| Community Adjustment | ||||
|
| ||||
| Integrated community activities | 6.9 (2.6) | 6.8 (2.9) | t(188.0)= -0.4 | .72 |
|
| ||||
| Social support | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.2) | t(689)= -1.3 | .18 |
|
| ||||
| Subjective quality of life | 4.4 (1.7) | 4.3 (1.6) | t(689)= 0.6 | .54 |
|
| ||||
| Consumer choice | 3.9 (1.0) | 4.1 (0.7) | t(45.4)= 1.1 | .26 |
|
| ||||
| Housing satisfaction | 4.1 (0.5) | 4.1 (0.5) | t(198)= 0.5 | .65 |
|
| ||||
| Therapeutic alliance | 4.6 (1.1) | 4.7 (1.1) | t(371)= 0.5 | .63 |
|
| ||||
| Employment and Income | ||||
|
| ||||
| Longest full-time job (years) | 5.0 (6.4) | 5.0 (5.3) | t(674)= -0.1 | .95 |
|
| ||||
| Employed in past month (%) | 24 (19.8%) | 90 (15.8%) | X(1)2 = 1.2 | .28 |
|
| ||||
| Hours worked per week in past month | 3.0 (7.9) | 2.8 (8.3) | t(689)= -0.2 | .82 |
|
| ||||
| Employment income in past month | 46.4 (166.9) | 43.0 (161.3) | t(689)= -0.2 | .84 |
|
| ||||
| Public support income in past month | 307.3 (324.7) | 326.1 (319.1) | t(689)= 0.6 | .56 |
|
| ||||
| Disability | ||||
|
| ||||
| Mental health | ||||
| Schizophrenia (%) | 22 (18.2%) | 106 (18.6%) | ||
| Depression (%) | 34 (28.1%) | 164 (28.8%) | ||
| Bipolar Disorder (%) | 28 (23.1%) | 102 (17.9%) | X(6)2 = 5.1 | .53 |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (%) | 10 (8.3%) | 39 (6.8%) | ||
| Personality Disorder (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.7%) | ||
| Other (%) | 4 (3.3%) | 11 (1.9%) | ||
| None/Missing (%) | 23 (19.0%) | 144 (25.3%) | ||
|
| ||||
| Substance abuse | ||||
| Alcohol abuse/dependence (%) | 76 (62.8%) | 287 (50.4%) | X(1)2 = 6.2* | .01 |
| Drug abuse/dependence (%) | 74 (61.2%) | 289 (50.7%) | X(1)2 = 4.4* | .04 |
|
| ||||
| Physical health (%) | 84 (70.0%) | 365 (64.0%) | X(1)2 = 1.6 | .21 |
|
| ||||
| Developmental disability (%) | 11 (9.1%) | 58 (10.2%) | X(1)2 = 0.2 | .70 |
|
| ||||
| Health Status | ||||
|
| ||||
| SF12- Physical health subscale | 44.0 (10.1) | 45.3 (10.2) | t(689)= 1.2 | .22 |
|
| ||||
| SF12- Mental health subscale | 38.1 (8.0) | 39.1 (8.2) | t(689)= 1.3 | .20 |
|
| ||||
| Brief Symptom Inventory | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | t(689)= -2.8** | .01 |
|
| ||||
| Observed psychotic behavior rating | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | t(689)= -0.4 | .69 |
|
| ||||
| Days intoxicated in past month | 2.9 (6.8) | 1.9 (5.3) | t(152.4)= -1.5 | .15 |
|
| ||||
| Any drug use in past month (%) | 44 (36.4%) | 229 (40.2%) | X(1)2 = 0.6 | .44 |
|
| ||||
| Mean ASI Alcohol score | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | t(158.2)= -0.9 | .36 |
|
| ||||
| Mean ASI Drug score | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | t(158.6)= -1.0 | .32 |
|
| ||||
| Alcohol expenditures in past month ($) | 14.3 (45.2) | 24.9 (57.4) | t(179.2)= 1.8 | .07 |
|
| ||||
| Drug expenditures in past month ($) | 31.6 (125.6) | 17.3 (55.5) | t(99.1)= 1.0 | .30 |
|
| ||||
| Health Service Costs | ||||
|
| ||||
| Medical service costs ($) | 2877.3 (7877.6) | 3409.3 (15502.5) | t(689)= 1.4 | .16 |
|
| ||||
| Mental health service costs ($) | 3318.0 (8204.7) | 2171.1 (7879.5) | t(689)= -2.1* | .04 |
|
| ||||
| Substance abuse service costs ($) | 2174.9 (4007.9) | 1004.4 (4029.4) | t(161.9)= -4.8*** | <.00 |
|
| ||||
| Total health service costs ($) | 8370.2 (13101.9) | 6584.8 (18103.4) | t(689)= -3.1** | <.00 |
a
Total sample size for the Group Housing First group was 131, but 10 participants were not assessed at baseline
b
Total sample size for the Independent Housing First group was 578, but 8 participants were not assessed at baseline
c
All outcomes are based on past 3 months, unless otherwise stated.
d
Days housed at somebody else's place, or hotel/single room occupancy/board and care home
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001