Table 2. Summary of Outcomes (unadjusted means).
| Group | 3 month | 6 month | 9 month | 12 month | 15 month | 18 month | 21 month | 24 month | Main group effect F= | Interaction effect (group*time) F= | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | IHFa | 530-560b | 525-578 | 501-568 | 473-559 | 434-551 | 399-520 | 375-486 | 342-461 | ||
| RTF | 128-131 | 102-113 | 93-109 | 90-105 | 84-101 | 77-99 | 71-92 | 66-88 | |||
| Housingc | |||||||||||
| Days in own placed | IHF | 69.2 (28.1) |
80.2 (23.0) |
80.9 (23.0) |
80.5 (23.1) |
78.9 (25.6) |
74.9 (30.1) |
76.6 (29.3) |
75.7 (30.1) |
12.3*** | 0.9 |
| RTF | 47.6 (36.5) |
69.4 (34.1) |
73.2 (29.7) |
72.2 (31.3) |
63.4 (35.8) |
67.5 (35.2) |
65.5 (36.9) |
69.7 (34.9) |
|||
| Days in transitional/residential treatment | IHF | 0.1 (1.2) |
2.0 (11.2) |
1.8 (10.5) |
1.9 (10.4) |
2.2 (11.0) |
3.8 (16.1) |
2.1 (11.0) |
3.5 (15.8) |
31.5*** | 12.7*** |
| RTF | 27.8 (33.3) |
8.5 (21.8) |
4.5 (17.1) |
3.9 (13.8) |
5.0 (15.1) |
6.1 (20.8) |
4.1 (17.9) |
1.6 (1.4) |
|||
| Days Housed Elsewhere | IHF | 3.6 (13.5) |
2.5 (10.9) |
2.5 (11.5) |
2.7 (11.3) |
3.9 (14.8) |
3.4 (14.2) |
3.8 (14.7) |
4.7 (15.5) |
0.3 | 1.3 |
| RTF | 4.6 (15.0) |
5.5 (17.6) |
3.6 (10.9) |
7.2 (19.4) |
10.0 (24.7) |
9.0 (22.8) |
9.6 (24.4) |
10.1 (25.3) |
|||
| Days Hospitalized | IHF | 1.3 (7.3) |
1.4 (7.0) |
1.4 (7.2) |
1.6 (8.3) |
1.5 (8.2) |
1.8 (9.8) |
1.1 (6.3) |
1.1 (7.8) |
1.7 | 0.9 |
| RTF | 1.4 (6.9) |
1.4 (7.2) |
1.9 (10.3) |
2.4 (11.4) |
3.0 (12.2) |
2.2 (12.2) |
2.9 (14.0) |
1.4 (7.7) |
|||
| Days Incarcerated | IHF | 0.8 (5.9) |
0.8 (4.8) |
1.0 (6.1) |
0.9 (6.0) |
0.5 (3.3) |
1.4 (9.1) |
1.2 (8.2) |
0.8 (5.5) |
5.0* | 3.1** |
| RTF | 0.9 (6.3) |
1.3 (7.5) |
1.6 (9.5) |
0.1 (0.6) |
3.5 (13.6) |
0.2 (1.6) |
3.0 (11.0) |
2.7 (11.0) |
|||
| Days Homeless | IHF | 14.1 (23.9) |
3.2 (13.3) |
2.2 (11.7) |
2.1 (10.9) |
2.6 (12.9) |
4.3 (17.5) |
4.7 (18.1) |
3.3 (15.3) |
0.0 | 1.1 |
| RTF | 7.8 (17.6) |
3.4 (14.4) |
3.6 (15.0) |
4.1 (15.3) |
4.5 (14.1) |
4.6 (16.4) |
3.8 (12.4) |
4.8 (15.1) |
|||
| Community | |||||||||||
| Integrated Community Activities | IHF | 7.0 (2.8) |
7.2 (2.9) |
7.2 (2.9) |
7.3 (3.0) |
7.2 (3.1) |
7.5 (3.0) |
7.4 (3.0) |
7.3 (3.0) |
0.3 | 1.3 |
| RTF | 7.4 (3.1) |
7.4 (3.2) |
7.3 (3.0) |
7.3 (2.8) |
7.3 (3.0) |
7.1 (3.2) |
7.1 (3.1) |
7.9 (3.0) |
|||
| Social Support | IHF | 1.3 (1.0) |
1.3 (1.0) |
1.3 (1.0) |
1.3 (1.0) |
1.3 (1.0) |
1.4 (1.1) |
1.3 (1.1) |
1.3 (1.1) |
0.0 | 1.0 |
| RTF | 1.5 (1.2) |
1.5 (1.2) |
1.5 (1.1) |
1.3 (1.0) |
1.4 (1.0) |
1.4 (0.9) |
1.4 (1.1) |
1.4 (1.2) |
|||
| Subjective Quality of Life | IHF | 4.6 (1.4) |
4.6 (1.5) |
4.6 (1.5) |
4.6 (1.5) |
4.7 (1.5) |
4.7 (1.4) |
4.7 (1.3) |
4.7 (1.4) |
0.1 | 0.7 |
| RTF | 4.5 (1.4) |
4.5 (1.4) |
4.7 (1.5) |
4.6 (1.4) |
4.5 (1.6) |
4.8 (1.4) |
4.7 (1.3) |
4.7 (1.6) |
|||
| Consumer Choice | IHF | 4.1 (0.7) |
4.1 (0.8) |
4.0 (0.8) |
4.1 (0.8) |
4.1 (0.8) |
4.1 (0.8) |
4.1 (0.8) |
4.0 (0.8) |
5.3* | 1.9 |
| RTF | 3.8 (1.0) |
3.9 (0.9) |
3.9 (0.9) |
3.9 (0.9) |
3.9 (0.9) |
3.9 (0.9) |
3.9 (0.9) |
3.9 (0.9) |
|||
| Housing Satisfaction | IHF | 4.1 (0.5) |
4.0 (0.5) |
4.0 (0.6) |
4.0 (0.6) |
4.0 (0.6) |
4.0 (0.6) |
4.0 (0.6) |
4.0 (0.6) |
1.3 | 0.3 |
| RTF | 4.1 (0.5) |
4.1 (0.5) |
4.1 (0.5) |
4.1 (0.5) |
4.0 (0.6) |
4.1 (0.6) |
4.1 (0.7) |
4.0 (0.6) |
|||
| Therapeutic Alliance | IHF | 4.5 (1.3) |
4.5 (1.3) |
4.5 (1.3) |
4.5 (1.3) |
4.5 (1.3) |
4.4 (1.3) |
4.3 (1.3) |
4.2 (1.3) |
1.2 | 1.4 |
| RTF | 4.5 (1.3) |
4.4 (1.5) |
4.5 (1.2) |
4.5 (1.4) |
4.4 (1.3) |
4.5 (1.2) |
4.6 (1.1) |
4.6 (1.3) |
|||
| Income | |||||||||||
| Hours worked per week | IHF | 2.4 (7.5) |
2.5 (8.2) |
2.8 (8.4) |
2.2 (7.5) |
2.5 (8.3) |
1.9 (6.9) |
1.9 (7.0) |
2.4 (8.1) |
3.2 | 0.9 |
| RTF | 2.8 (7.9) |
2.6 (7.9) |
2.4 (7.2) |
1.6 (5.9) |
0.9 (4.1) |
2.2 (7.9) |
0.8 (4.5) |
1.8 (6.1) |
|||
| Employment Income | IHF | 54.1 (238.1) |
45.6 (171.8) |
56.5 (209.3) |
43.4 (179.1) |
61.1 (255.6) |
42.8 (207.9) |
43.3 (219.8) |
51.1 (208.7) |
0.9 | 0.6 |
| RTF | 74.4 (270.5) |
52.9 (194.4) |
64.8 (215.8) |
27.1 (130.6) |
16.6 (66.9) |
37.4 (158.7) |
17.5 (76.2) |
25.4 (91.9) |
|||
| Public Support Income | IHF | 372.7 (333.0) |
401.6 (375.6) |
408.1 (369.2) |
394.5 (375.4) |
387.1 (400.4) |
415.7 (525.2) |
427.3 (737.2) |
385.0 (402.1) |
0.2 | 0.5 |
| RTF | 369.6 (331.4) |
365.7 (339.1) |
386.6 (350.7) |
372.5 (366.6) |
398.6 (388.0) |
396.9 (399.6) |
398.1 (420.0) |
411.1 (406.4) |
|||
| Health | |||||||||||
| Brief Symptom Inventory | IHF | 1.4 (0.9) |
1.3 (0.9) |
1.3 (0.9) |
1.2 (0.9) |
1.2 (0.9) |
1.2 (0.9) |
1.2 (0.9) |
1.2 (0.9) |
0.9 | 1.3 |
| RTF | 1.5 (0.9) |
1.5 (0.9) |
1.4 (0.8) |
1.5 (0.9) |
1.5 (1.0) |
1.5 (0.9) |
1.4 (0.9) |
1.4 (0.9) |
|||
| Observed Psychotic Behavior rating | IHF | 0.2 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.3 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.6 | 0.3 |
| RTF | 0.2 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.3 (0.4) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
0.2 (0.3) |
|||
| SF12e-Medical subscale | IHF | 45.2 (10.4) |
44.9 (10.2) |
44.4 (10.3) |
44.7 (9.9) |
44.1 (10.3) |
43.8 (10.0) |
43.5 (9.8) |
42.9 (10.1) |
0.2 | 1.3 |
| RTF | 44.7 (10.4) |
44.8 (10.6) |
45.4 (10.3) |
44.5 (10.9) |
44.7 (10.7) |
43.4 (10.1) |
42.1 (10.3) |
43.7 (9.7) |
|||
| SF12-Mental subscale | IHF | 39.9 (8.6) |
40.2 (8.0) |
40.5 (8.1) |
40.5 (8.4) |
41.3 (8.2) |
41.1 (7.3) |
40.6 (8.0) |
41.0 (7.7) |
2.8 | 1.3 |
| RTF | 40.2 (8.1) |
39.6 (9.2) |
40.9 (8.4) |
39.5 (8.4) |
39.3 (8.2) |
40.8 (8.2) |
40.0 (7.6) |
39.8 (7.2) |
|||
| ASIf-Alcohol | IHF | 0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
1.9 | 1.1 |
| RTF | 0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
0.1 (0.2) |
|||
| ASI-Drugs | IHF | 0.0 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.1) |
0.7 | 1.2 |
| RTF | 0.0 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.1) |
0.0 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.1) |
|||
| Costs | |||||||||||
| Medical Service Costs | IHF | 2757.6 (13144.3) |
1850.4 (8691.5) |
1698.6 (9659.5) |
1419.2 (8528.6) |
1585.2 (10566.9) |
1357.3 (10586.6) |
1219.8 (8738.0) |
1340.8 (10014.0) |
0.7 | 0.8 |
| RTF | 4498.2 (393.0) |
6760.8 (636.0) |
6084.4 (582.8) |
6586.5 (642.8) |
7529.2 (749.2) |
17827.0 (1791.7) |
14862.7 (1549.5) |
6394.0 (681.6) |
|||
| Mental Health Service Costs | IHF | 1617.9 (6314.1) |
1153.8 (4152.8) |
953.3 (3740.9) |
1006.3 (5168.0) |
941.0 (5412.8) |
665.7 (3186.0) |
729.7 (3277.3) |
408.9 (3049.7) |
0.0 | 1.3 |
| RTF | 2816.5 (7456.2) |
2685.1 (10966.1) |
647.1 (1838.5) |
946.0 (4539.8) |
1805.4 (7168.2) |
1880.4 (11380.5) |
660.1 (2313.3) |
778.6 (2623.7) |
|||
| Substance abuse Service Costs | IHF | 260.5 (1158.6) |
300.1 (1703.9) |
427.5 (2213.7) |
459.1 (3110.6) |
474.3 (2720.7) |
705.9 (4350.7) |
529.7 (3316.9) |
582.8 (3737.9) |
5.8* | 1.2 |
| RTF | 1452.9 (4587.1) |
614.3 (2076.9) |
1104.7 (4864.2) |
1327.7 (4950.9) |
1850.0 (5728.2) |
1438.6 (5400.8) |
508.8 (1813.6) |
359.8 (1302.7) |
|||
| Total health service costs | IHF | 4636.0 (15142.4) |
3304.2 (9871.8) |
3079.3 (10725.2) |
2884.5 (10691.6) |
3000.4 (12320.7) |
2728.8 (12725.9) |
2479.2 (9971.6) |
2332.5 (11343.5) |
0.2 | 0.7 |
| RTF | 5555.8 (11587.5) |
5465.6 (14714.7) |
3170.4 (8519.8) |
5001.3 (13158.4) |
6335.1 (23086.1) |
3192.3 (15246.5) |
2233.6 (7441.4) |
4384.1 (13631.4) |
a
IF= Independent Housing First, RTF= Group Housing First
b
Sample sizes for measures of choice, satisfaction, and therapeutic alliance were considerably less because clients had to identify primary providers or be in their own place at time of assessment. For these measures, samples sizes ranged from 188-347 for the IHF group and 41-100 for the RTF group.
c
All outcome values are based on the last 3 months, except income which is only based on last month.
d
All outcome values are shown as mean (standard deviation).
e
SF12= Medical Outcomes Study Short Form, scores range from 0 to 100 with 50 representing normal functioning.
f
ASI= Addiction Severity Index, scores range from 0 to 1 with higher scores reflecting greater substance abuse.
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001