Table 1.

The effect of morphine administration on tumor progression in animal models.

Animal model	Type of cells	Impact of morphine administration on Tumor progression	Reference
I.V. injection of tumor cells to rats	MADB106 lung tumor cells	Increase of lung diffusion of tumor cells in the presence of surgical stress	Franchi et al. (2007)
S.C./I.P. injection of tumor cells to mice	EL-4 leukemia Sarcoma 180 carcinoma P388 leukemia Meth-A sarcoma	Increase in the weight of solid tumors and increased mortality caused by ascite-type tumors	Ishikawa et al. (1993)
Matrigel plugs and breast xenografts in mice	MCF-7 breast cancer cell	Increase in tumor size and angiogenesis	Gupta et al. (2002)
I.V. injection of tumor cells to mice	26-L5 colon carcinoma cells	Decrease in the number of metastatic colonies in lungs	Harimaya et al. (2002)
Tumor cell-containing matrigel plugs in mice	Mouse Lewis lung carcinoma cells	Reduction in tumor cell-induced angiogenesis	Koodie et al. (2010)
S.C. tumor xenografts in mice	Ehrlich ascites	Inhibition of tumor growth via suppression of tumor angiogenesis and increased tumor cell apoptosis	Ustun et al. (2010)
I.V. inoculation of tumor cells to rats	MADB106 breast cancer cells	Inhibition of surgery-induced increase in metastatic localization of tumor cells in lungs	Page et al. (1993, 1994, 1998)
I.V. injection of tumor cells to rats by laparotomy	Colon adenocarcinoma cells	Decrease in the incidence and burden of metastatic tumors in the liver	Yeager and Colacchio (1991)
I.V. injection of tumor cells to rats with laparotomy	Colon adenocarcinoma cells	Increase in the incidence and burden of metastatic tumors in the liver	Colacchio et al. (1994)
Tumor cell inoculation into hind paw of mice	B16–BL6 melanoma cells	Decrease in tumor growth and the number of metastatic nodules in the lungs 2 weeks after tumor excision	Sasamura et al. (2002)
S.C. injection of tumor cells in the right hind thigh	SCK mammary carcinoma cells	Increase in tumor angiogenesis Increase in tumor weight as well as incidence and burden of lung metastases	Farooqui et al. (2007)
I.V. injection of tumor cells to rats 4–5 h after induction of anesthesia (morphine administration) for laparotomy	MADB106 mammary adenocarcinoma cells	Attenuation of surgery-induced surge in lung retention of tumor cells 24 h after tumor cell injection No significant effect on the number of metastatic colonies in lungs after 3 weeks	Bar-Yosef et al. (2001)
S.C. injection of tumor cells to mice	MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells HT-29 colon cancer cells	Smaller volume of MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 tumors compared to control groups No effect on the size of HT-29 tumors	Tegeder et al. (2003)