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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Immunol Rev. 2011 Jul;242(1):10–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01029.x

Fig. 1. Genetic architecture of asthma and allergic diseases.

Fig. 1

Examples are shown for (A) Monogenic diseases with allergic phenotypes that are caused by highly penetrant rare (<1%) mutations. These disease genes can be discovered by linkage studies in families segregating the disease. (B) Complex diseases or phenotypes with low frequency (1-5%) risk alleles with intermediate effect sizes. The relative paucity of genes in his category reflects the limited ability for re-sequencing studies in the past. (C) Complex diseases and phenotypes with common disease risk alleles (>5%) with very low effect sizes and penetrances can be discovered by GWAS. Modified from references (179, 183).