Table 4.
Recommendations for cancer screening in renal transplant recipients
| Cancers | Recommendation | RCT Evidence that Earlier Intervention Works | Test Performances | Cost-Effectiveness, ICER ($/LYS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast | Annual or biennial mammography for all women older than 50 yr | Nil | No data | 32,000 (32) |
| Women between 40 and 49 could still undergo screening, but no evidence for or against screening at this age (10,12) | ||||
| Colorectal | Annual FOBT and/or 5-yearly flexible sigmoidoscopy for individuals older than 50 yr (10,12) | Nil | No data | 25,189 (32) |
| Cervical | Annual cytological cervical cancer screening and pelvic examination once sexually active (10,12) | Nil | No data | No data |
| Prostate | Annual DRE and PSA measurement in all male renal transplant recipients older than 50 yr (10,12) | Nil | No data | 56,850 (32) |
| Hepatocellular | α-Fetoprotein and ultrasound performed every 6 mo in high-risk individuals, but no firm confirmation (10,12) | Nil | No data | No data |
| Skin | Monthly self-skin examination, total body skin examination every 6 to 12 mo by expert physicians and dermatologists (11,12) | Nil | No data | No data |
| Renal | No firm recommendation; some suggested regular ultrasonography of the native kidneys (10,12) | Nil | No data | No data |