Table 2.
Helicobacter pylori colonization in HIV infected, treatment naïve children and associated factors
| Number N | HP positive n (%) | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted odds ratio1 (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups | ||||||
| 0 < 1 year | 68 | 10 (14.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1 < 3 years | 81 | 25 (30.9) | 2.6 (1.1-5.9) | 0.02 | 2.8 (1.1-6.8) | 0.03 |
| 3 < 12 years | 87 | 18 (20.7) | 1.5 (0.6-3.5) | 0.34 | 1.2 (0.5-3.2) | 0.65 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 115 | 22 (19.1) | 1 | - | ||
| Female | 121 | 31 (25.6) | 1.5 (0.8-2.7) | 0.23 | ||
| CD4 cell percentage2 | ||||||
| High | 115 | 35 (30.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Low | 104 | 13 (12.5) | 0.3 (0.2-0.7) | 0.002 | 0.3 (0.1-0.6) | 0.001 |
| Who classification | ||||||
| WHO stage I | 24 | 9 (37.5) | 1 | - | ||
| WHO stage II-VI | 212 | 44 (20.8) | 0.4 (0.2-1.1) | 0.07 | ||
| Type of housing | ||||||
| Permanent house | 105 | 23 (21.9) | 1 | - | ||
| Semi-permanent house | 131 | 30 (22.9) | 1.1 (0.6-2.0) | 0.86 | ||
|
Number of people in same household |
||||||
| 2-4 | 126 | 28 (22.2) | 1 | - | ||
| ≥5 | 110 | 25 (22.7) | 1.0 (0.6-1.9) | 0.93 | ||
|
Education of the mother/female caretaker |
||||||
| Completed primary | 83 | 21 (25.3) | 1 | - | ||
| school or higher | ||||||
| Incomplete primary school |
153 | 32 (20.9) | 0.8 (0.4-1.5) | 0.44 | ||
| Drinking water | ||||||
| Public tap | 138 | 28 (20.3) | 1 | - | ||
| Unprotected sources | 98 | 25 (25.5) | 1.4 (0.7-2.5) | 0.34 | ||
| Type of toilet | ||||||
| Open pit/pit latrine | 228 | 52 (22.8) | 1 | - | ||
| VIP latrine/flush toilet | 8 | 1 (12.5) | 0.5 (0.1-4.0) | 0.50 | ||
|
Sharing of toilet with other families |
||||||
| No | 72 | 16 (22.2) | 1 | - | ||
| Yes | 164 | 37 (22.6) | 1.0 (0.5-2.0) | 0.95 | ||
| Taken drugs last 3 months4 | ||||||
| No | 40 | 10 (25.0) | 1 | - | ||
| Yes | 196 | 43 (21.9) | 0.8 (0.4-1.9) | 0.67 | ||
|
Taken any antibiotics3 last 3 months |
||||||
| No | 61 | 17 (27.9) | 1 | - | ||
| Yes | 175 | 36 (20.6) | 0.7 (0.3-1.3) | 0.24 | ||
|
Taken any antibiotics last 2 weeks |
||||||
| No | 14 | 5 (35.7) | 1 | - | ||
| Yes | 222 | 48 (21.6) | 0.5 (0.2-1.6) | 0.23 | ||
|
Taken deworming medicine last 6 months |
||||||
| No | 125 | 23 (18.4) | 1 | - | ||
| Yes | 111 | 30 (27.0) | 1.6 (0.9-3.0) | 0.12 | ||
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Least poor | 78 | 12 (15.4) | 1 | - | ||
| Poorer | 80 | 19 (23.8) | 1.7 (0.8-3.8) | 0.19 | ||
| Poorest | 77 | 22 (28.6) | 2.2 (1.0-4.8) | 0.05 | ||
|
Reporting abdominal pain more than 3 times/week |
||||||
| No | 224 | 49 (21.9) | 1 | - | ||
| Yes | 12 | 4 (33.3) | 1.8 (0.5-6.2) | 0.36 |
1Adjusted for the 219 participants for whom CD4 percentage were available; adjustment was made for all categories included in the table.
2CD4 cell percentage was available for 219 of the 236 participants
3Last 2 weeks not included in this category