Table 5.
Studies that fulfilled the selection criteria and were included for the review in the “Results” section—results of experiments of phenotypic and genotypic markers
| References | Tests | Results |
|---|---|---|
| Human osteoblasts (OB) | ||
| Bordji et al. [33] | ALP, OC production (OSTK-PR kit with rabbit polyclonal antibody against human OC) | ALP was diminished in OB culture on nitrided Stst, as compared with untreated Stst. OC was 30% less than for Stst which was not treated. Stst nitrided at low temperature strongly influenced expression of phenotypic markers of OB. Although, those markers were not influenced by N-implantation or C-doping of Stst as compared to untreated Stst |
| Ryhänen et al. [34] | ALP | –a |
| Schmidt et al. [35] | ALP, CICP, OC | Control Thermanox, Stst, cpTi—moderate increase of alkaline phosphatase activity; Ti–6Al–7Nb—no significant change of ALP; OC levels—generally higher on implant material than in the control |
| Bogdanski et al. [36] | –a | –a |
| Hao et al. [37] | MTT | MTT optical density after 7 days of cell culture of osteoblast cellsb: (1) untreated, 0.06; (2) mechanically roughened, 0.08; (3) CO2 laser 1,500 W, 0.022; (4) CO2 laser 2,400 W, 0.048 |
| Osteoblast-like cells | ||
| Riccio et al. [38] | ALP, CICP | Elevated alkaline phosphatase 1,25(OH)2D3 response activity associated with plasma membranes and matrix vesicles; production of thick extracellular matrix (CICP) mineralized in the environment of beta-glycerophosphate |
| Bogdanski et al. [36] | –a | –a |
| Torricelli et al. [39] | ALP, NO, PICP, IL-6, OC, TGF-β1 | No differences in IL-6 production; OC, and TGF-β1 were higher compared to control and Ti group |
| Montanaro et al. [40] | ALP, CICP, and OC; genotoxicity tests | ALP, CICP, and OC production showed that the materials support the expression of these phenotypic markers |
| Michiardi et al. [41] | ALP, BCA protein assay, OC | ALP and OC increased on oxidized surface |
| Animal osteoblasts | ||
| Morais et al. [42] | MTT, ALP, ALP staining (ALP positive cells), phosphate and calcium deposits | Disadvantageous and slight alteration in the levels of ALP in the presence of ions; Ca and P deposits—the process of mineralization retarded in the presence of ions; lower ALP production ability vs. control |
| Kapanen et al. [43] | Apoptosis tests—DNA laddering, TUNEL assay, immunofluorescence microscopy of focal contacts | TUNEL assay (rate of apoptosis): Ti > NiTi > Stst > Ni. Comparison of cytotox. and TUNEL: % apoptotic cells in dead cells: (1) NiTi, 48; (2) Stst, 5.6; (3) Ti, 62; (4) Ni, 1.8. Focal contacts: NiTi > Ti > Stst > Ni |
| Fini et al. [44] | ALP, PICP, OC, NO, TGF-β1, IL-6 | OC (ng/ml): (1) control, 9.65; (2) P558, 19.58; (3) Ti6Al4V, 19.43. P558 enhanced OC levels and reduced IL-6 production ALP (IU/l): (1) control, 14.44; (2) P558, 17.18; (3) Ti6Al4V, 15.42 |
| Cortizo et al. [45] | ALP | Metal ions caused induction of cell death by early mitosis arrest, apoptosis, and necrosis |
| Yeung et al. [46] | –a | –a |
| Yeung et al. [47] | –a | –a |
| Wu et al. [48] | –a | –a |
| Wu et al. [49] | –a | –a |
| Liu et al. [50] | –a | –a |
| Yeung et al. [51] | –a | –a |
| Ochsenbein et al. [52] | Actin and vinculin, immunolabeling | All materials induced a normal cytoskeleton and well-developed focal adhesion contacts |
| Liu et al. [53] | –a | –a |
aNot found
bRead from the graph