Table 1.

Relationship between HCV and PPARs

Model		Genotype	Treatment	Effect*	Reference
Cell line	Vector
HepG2	pEF352neo expressing HCV core protein	1b		PPARα↓	(Cheng et al., 2005; Dharancy et al., 2005)
Huh7	pFK-I389neo/NS3-3′/5.1 subgenomic replicon	1b, 2a	PPARα agonists clofibrate, fenofibrate	HCV↓ after treatment	(Nishimura-Sakurai et al., 2010)
	pFK-I389neo/NS3-3′/5.1 subgenomic replicon	1b	PPARα antagonist BA#	HCV↓ after treatment	(Rakic et al., 2006)
	pFK-I389neo/NS3-3′/5.1 subgenomic replicon	1a, 3a	PPARα antagonist BA	HCV↓ after treatment	(Lyn et al., 2009)
	pFK-I389neo/NS3-3′/5.1 subgenomic replicon	1b	PPARα antagonist BA	HCV↓ after treatment	(Rakic et al., 2006)
	pRep-Feo replicon	1b		PPARγ↑	(Kim et al., 2009)
	pIRES2-EGFP expressing HCV 3a core protein	3a		PPARγ↓	(Pazienza et al., 2010)
	pIRES2-EGFP expressing HCV 3a or 1b core protein	1a, 3a		PPARγ↓	(Pazienza et al., 2007)
Human	HCV status (patient sample size)
	HCV− (40) HCV+ (46)	1, 2, 3, 4		PPARα↓ in HCV+ patients	(Cheng et al., 2005; Dharancy et al., 2005)
	HCV+ steatosis− (57) HCV+ steatosis+ (43)	1, 2		PPARα↓ in steatosis patients	(Yasui et al., 2010)
	HCV+ treatment (6)	1b, 2a	PPARα agonist benzafibrate	HCV↓ by PPARα agonist	(Fujita et al., 2004)
	HCV+ no treatment (15) HCV+ treatment (15)	1b, 2a, 2b	PPARα agonist benzafibrate	HCV↓ by PPARα agonist	(Fujita et al., 2006)
	Normal (23) NAFLD+ HCV− (43) HCV+ (44)	1		PPARγ↑ in HCV+ patients	(Lima-Cabello et al., 2010)
	HCV+ Peg-IFNα2b/ribavirin (49) HCV+ Peg-IFNα2b/ribavirin + treatment (48)	4	PPARγ agonist pioglitazone	HCV↓ by PPARγ agonist	(Khattab et al., 2010)
Mouse	Genetic background
	C57BL/6N HCV core transgenic	1b		PPARα↑	(Tanaka et al., 2008b)
	C57BL/6N HCV core transgenic	1b		PPARα↑	(Koike, 2009; Tanaka et al., 2008a)

^*Effect: Modulation in PPAR-mediated signaling or HCV replication

^#BA: 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-(pyridyl) benzamide