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. 2011 Apr 25;2:85. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00085

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Copyright © 2011 Miao and Rajan.

This is an open-access article subject to a non-exclusive license between the authors and Frontiers Media SA, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and other Frontiers conditions are complied with.

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Innate immune detection of S. typhimurium. S. typhimurium can be detected by both extracellular (TLR) and cytosolic (NLR) sensors. TLR4 responds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while TLR5 responds to extracellular flagellin monomers. TLRs induce transcriptional responses, including the synthesis and secretion of multiple cytokines and chemokines. TLRs also induce the synthesis of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, but these are reserved in the cytosol awaiting processing by Caspase-1. Caspase-1 activity is controlled by inflammasomes. S. typhimurium is detected by two inflammasomes, NLRC4 and NLRP3. NLRC4 responds to cytosolic flagellin monomers or T3SS rod protein monomers, both delivered by the activity of a virulence-associated T3SS. NLRP3 detects S. typhimurium via unknown mechanisms.