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. 2010 Mar 30;2(4):494–516. doi: 10.3390/toxins2040494

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© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Phenoloxidase cascade in insects with its possible inhibitory and stimulatory proteins of which homologues were found in N. vitripennis venom. Abbreviations: LPS = lipopolysacharide, βGRPs = β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins, PGRPs = peptidoglycan recognition proteins, CR/Pa = cystein-rich/Pacifastin venom protein, SPI = serine protease inhibitor, SP = serine protease, CR/Ku = cystein-rich/Kunitz venom protein, CR/TIL = cystein-rich/trypsin inhibitor-like venom protein, (pro)PAP = (pro)phenoloxidase-activating protease, (P)PO = (pro)phenoloxidase. Words in red indicate inhibitory proteins and the dotted lines indicate their targets in the pathway; underlined words indicate stimulatory proteins.