Table 2.
Relative Risk [Age-Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs)] of Specific Vertebral Deformities (Semiquantitative Assessment) Among Postmenopausal Women by Five Main Predictor Variable Categories (Most Significant Predictor of Vertebral Fracture Within Each Category Is Indicated in Boldface Type)
| Any deformity | Mild (grade 1) deformity only | Any severe (grade 2–3) deformity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable (units) | OR (95% CI)a | AUC | OR (95% CI)a | AUC | OR (95% CI)a | AUC |
| Bone density | ||||||
| Lumbar spine (LS) aBMD (g/cm2) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.58 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.55 | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 0.64 |
| Femoral neck aBMD (g/cm2) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.60 | 1.3 (0.97–1.7) | 0.56 | 2.2 (1.4–3.7) | 0.69 |
| Total radius aBMD (g/cm2) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 0.59 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.54 | 2.0 (1.3–3.2) | 0.67 |
| LS total vBMD (mg/cm3) | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) | 0.66 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.61 | 3.5 (2.1–5.8) | 0.78 |
| LS trabecular vBMD (mg/cm3) | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 0.67 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.61 | 4.0 (2.3–6.9) | 0.79 |
| Distal radius trabecular vBMD (mg/cm3) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.61 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.55 | 2.2 (1.4–3.4) | 0.70 |
| Distal radius cortical vBMD (mg/cm3) | 1.2 (0.99–1.5) | 0.56 | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 0.55 | 1.4 (0.96–2.0) | 0.61 |
| Bone geometry (lumbar spine) | ||||||
| Cross-sectional area (mm2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.03) | 0.55 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.54 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.57 |
| Endocortical area (mm2) | 0.8 (0.7–0.97) | 0.57 | 0.8 (0.6–1.04) | 0.56 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.61 |
| Cortical area (mm2) | 1.3 (1.04–1.6) | 0.58 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.56 | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 0.63 |
| Apparent cortical thickness (mm) | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | 0.63 | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 0.60 | 2.4 (1.6–3.8) | 0.71 |
| Bone microstructure (distal radius) | ||||||
| Trabecular bone volume/total volume (%) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.60 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.55 | 2.2 (1.4–3.3) | 0.70 |
| Trabecular number (1/mm) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.60 | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 0.57 | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | 0.67 |
| Trabecular thickness (µm) | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | 0.57 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.51 | 1.8 (1.1–2.8) | 0.65 |
| Trabecular separation (Tb.Sp, µm) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.58 | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.55 | 0.6 (0.4–0.95) | 0.64 |
| Tb.Sp distribution (µm) | 0.8 (0.6–0.95) | 0.57 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.55 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.62 |
| Connectivity density (1/mm3) | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) | 0.60 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.55 | 2.1 (1.3–3.3) | 0.69 |
| Structure model index | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.61 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.54 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.71 |
| Cortical thickness (mm) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.59 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.56 | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 0.65 |
| Bone strength (lumbar spine) | ||||||
| Overall compressive strength (N) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 0.64 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 0.59 | 2.9 (1.8–4.8) | 0.74 |
| Cortical strength (N) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.61 | 1.3 (0.98–1.7) | 0.57 | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | 0.69 |
| Trabecular strength (N) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 0.65 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 0.58 | 3.7 (2.0–6.7) | 0.76 |
| “Homogenized” trabecular strength (N) | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 0.63 | 1.4 (1.04–1.8) | 0.58 | 2.7 (1.6–4.6) | 0.73 |
| Strength per unit density (N · cm3/mg) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.60 | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 0.52 | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | 0.70 |
| AP bending stiffness (kN · m/rad) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.59 | 1.2 (0.95–1.6) | 0.55 | 1.9 (1.2–2.9) | 0.66 |
| Load-to-strength ratio (ϕ, lumbar spine) | ||||||
| Upright standing | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 0.64 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.59 | 2.7 (1.7–4.4) | 0.75 |
| 45-Degree forward flexion | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 0.65 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.59 | 2.7 (1.7–4.3) | 0.75 |
| 90-Degree forward flexion | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 0.65 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.59 | 2.7 (1.7–4.3) | 0.75 |
| 90-Degree forward flexion while lifting 10 kg | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) | 0.65 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.59 | 2.9 (1.8–4.6) | 0.75 |
a
Odds ratio per SD decrease (all variables except ϕ, which is per SD increase), adjusted for age.